Victorian Social Reform in Britain :: European Europe History

Victorian Social Reform in BritainWhen considering the changes brought about in the social policy of Great Britain, in the decades immediately either side of 1900, one must look at the nation s industrial history. The position as the world s promethium industrial nation had been cemented by the mid nineteenth century, achieved in part, as it was the first nation to industrialise. However, the headlong embrace of laissez- faire capitalism ignored the social infrastructure, and the out-migration from the depressed agricultural areas to the industrial areas caused immense strain on the poorly-planned towns and cities. At the dawn of industrialisation, there were those who expressed concern about the health and hygiene of the clayey industrial areas, notably Freidrich Engels, whose study of Manchester and London in 1844 collated in Conditions of The Working Class in England painted a truly dismal picture of urban squalor and hopelessness. Such is the Old Town of Manchester, and on re- reading my description, I am forced to admit that instead of being exaggerated, it is far from black enough to play a true impression of the filth, ruin, and uninhabitableness, the defiance of all considerations of cleanliness, ventilation, and health which characterise the construction of this single district, containing at least twenty to thirty thousand inhabitants. And such(prenominal) a district exists in the heart of the second city of England, the first manufacturing city of the world. If any one wishes to see in how little space a human being can move, how little air - and such air - he can breathe, how little of civilisation he may share and and live, it is only necessary to travel hither. (Engels.F. 1844 p.84 ) The publication, in 1842, of the Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain elicited, and perhaps foresaw, the protests of disbelief. Edwin Chadwick was responsible for the report and alike invoked the image of the unknown count ry as Henry Mayhew later did to bring to public attention the abysmal conditions with which the labouring poor had to contend. His principal concern appeared to be with the miasma emanating from decaying matter the poisonous exhalations which were the source of their physical, moral and mental deterioration. At the height of the cholera epidemic, the flushing of the sewers in order to dissipate the miasma, actually aggravated the fuss by further contamination of the water supply, in the face of the advice which stated that the disease was spread by germs and infection.

The Media?s Influence on Eating Disorders Essay -- Anorexia Bulimia Ne

The Medias Influence on Eating DisordersEating disorders be mental illnesses that affect more than 7 million American women and usually develop in girls ages 12-25. The most common age for a girl to begin having an eating disorder is 17 years old (Discovery Health?). The theme Eating Disorders Association states that eating disorders are conditions that arise from factors including physical, psychological, interpersonal, and social issues. Media images help intend cultural definitions of beauty and attractiveness and are often acknowledged as one of the factors that contribute to the rise of eating disorders (NEDA). It is evident that the media influences teenage girls to develop eating disorders based on these reasons the media promotes a thin and unrealistic body image, the media helps define cultural standards of attractiveness, and beingness exposed to these images can cause one to develop body dissatisfaction.General risk factors for the development of an eating disorder are being a female living in a western society during adolescence or early adulthood. Some characteristics of people who develop eating disorders are pocket-sized self-esteem, perfectionism, obesity, anxiety and anxiety disorders. Development of eating disorders can arise from a variety of issues besides the media including biological, psychological or social factors, family issues, and cultural pressures. Eating disorders and genuine associated traits can run in the family. Obsessive-compulsive and sensitive-avoidant personality types are more vulnerable to eating disorders. People with a mother or sister with anorexia nervosa are twelve times more likely to develop the disease. If there is family history of any type of eating disorder, ... ..._England_paper.pdf.National Eating Disorders Association. 2002. 5 Apr. 2005 .National Women?s Health Resource Center. Discovery Health. 2005. 24 Apr. 2005 .Thompson, Kevin J., and Leslie J. Heinberg. ?The Media?s Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders We?ve Reviled Them, Now Can We Rehabilitate Them diary of Social Issues 55.2 (1999) 339-353.Valois, Robert F., Keith J. Zullig, E. Scott Huebner, and J. Wanzer Drane. ?Dieting Behaviors, Weight Perceptions, and Life Satisfaction Among Public High School Adolescents.? Eating Disorders 11.4 (2003) 271-288. Women?s Fashion. 17 Apr. 2005 .

Is anything really being done? :: Essays Papers

Is anything re all toldy being done?In April 2001, Timothy doubting Thomas, age 19, was shot and killed by Cincinnati Police Officer, Stephen Roach. Thomas ran from the officer while Roach was trying to arrest him for violations that were brought against him in the past. Timothy Thomas was wanted for 14 various minor misdemeanors for driving without a device drivers license and two of those misdemeanors were for not wearing a seat belt. However, Roach had said that his life was in danger that dark April night, when Thomas ran to the dark alley, so Officer Roachs instincts told him to shoot the gun. Riots broke out and Mayor Charlie Luken declares a state of emergency (Goetz). This led to countless arrest among many an(prenominal) young citizens of Cincinnati. Small groups of vandals roamed several neighborhoods breaking windows, looting stores and assaulting at least one white motorist who was dragged from her car, police said (The Associated Press). The Enquirer states, Pro testers overturn planters and hot dog stands as well (Goetz). This vandalism persisted for three days and it was getting out of hand so there was a citywide curfew beginning at 8 p.m (Goetz). The curfews ended in four nights. Mayor Charlie Luken said, We may call in the National Guard to help quell the cherry-red protest (The Associated Press). Thomas mother spoke out in grief however, she did not want this conflict between the city to continue. Nonetheless, since the April riots, the community has not been the analogous for Cincinnati. Everything is a race issue, for African Americans, they feel things arent going their way. As for Whites, they feel everything is now going the African Americans way. However, Mayor Charlie Luken is creating ideas to get this city prickle on its feet. Things are being done to help Cincinnati. Since these out breaks have happened in Cincinnati in April, many citizens are scared to go downtown. One char said, One of the most un usual effects of the discord was that it kept on going, seemingly without end (Enquirer). Another youth says that he was effected by all of the riots, curfews, the disruption on the businesses, effects on race relations, and has heard all kinds of reactions (Kuley).

Modern-day Witch Hunts :: essays research papers

Is the accuser always holy now? Were they born this morning as clean as Gods fingers? Ill tell you whats walking Salem-vengeance is walking Salem. We argon what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the impartiality (p73, The Crucible)Arthur Millers classic play, The Crucible, is about the witch-hunts and trials in seventeenth century Salem, Massachusetts. What starts with s foreveral girls practicing European white magic in the woods escalates to a massive hysteria, with the "afflicted" girls incorrectly accusing even the respected women in the community of being witches. Eager to "utterly crush the servants of the devil", church leaders and townspeople insist on trying the accused. The punishment for failing to confess to witchcraft is death by hanging. In the end, many are hanged for imaginary crimes, for which no actual proof is ever presented, the only evidence being the word of a handful of girls.Miller wrote The Crucible as a par totallyel to the anticommunist hysteria in the 1940s. It may similarly be seen as a mirror to Hitlers Germany, and the pseudo-science of the time which dictated "purity". Today, however, The Crucible shows a resemblance to an entirely different kind of social hysteria. Accusations of sexual-abuse against child-care providers and others are now sometimes referred to as "witch hunts" when the accusers are suspected of lying, as in Millers play. Childrens advocates will of course tell us that we must believe childrens claims of abuse, because, tragically, it does occur. However, a recent trend has shown that more and more accusations are false, and even when the accused are found innocent, their lives can be changed forever. This paper will examine the similarities amid Millers The Crucible, and the sexual-abuse "witch hunts" of today.Gordon Waugh, member of Casualties Of Sexual Allegations (COSA) write smany people now acquire "victimhood" through counseling. Being a "victim" draws sympathy. It explains the tragedies, the failures, the hardships, the health problems and the disappointments of life. It relieves people of some of lifes indispensable burdens dealing with complexity, facing things beyond their control, and accepting responsibility for decisions and actions.Many counselors attribute their clients woes to long-buried "repressed" memories of childhood sexual abuse. They help clients to unlock these, and rewrite their pasts. Clients sever all former ties with "families of origin" and surround themselves only with other "survivors", to prevent confirmation or denial.

Essay --

Providing a high and consistent level of care to patients and their families is something that I feel strongly about, and care to become a part of. Becoming a nurse is far more than going to work and coming home again. To be a keen nurse requires certain skills, some of which we are taught, others that we have instilled in us from a young age. These include compassion, sympathy and the ability to treat everyone as equals disregarding of background, ethnicity or cultural beliefs. These are non things we are taught in education, but we teach ourselves and learn from others. The ability to provide high quality care should not be compromised. Having to watch a loved one deteriorate in front of your eyes can be heart wrenching, to be able to potbelly with the situation with the upmost respect is something that needs to be done on a daily basis for people in the medical profession. After leave school I trained to be a hairdresser as I knew working with people was something I always w anted to do. During this time I was taught the skills required to style peoples hair, however I also gained v...

Essay --

Providing a high and consistent level of c atomic number 18 to patients and their families is something that I feel strongly about, and wish to become a part of. Becoming a nurse is far more than going to work and coming home again. To be a great nurse requires certain skills, some of which we are taught, others that we accommodate instilled in us from a young age. These include compassion, sympathy and the ability to treat every one(a) as equals regardless of background, ethnicity or cultural beliefs. These are not things we are taught in education, but we teach ourselves and learn from others. The ability to provide high quality care should not be compromised. Having to watch a loved one deteriorate in front of your eyes can be heart wrenching, to be able to deal with the situation with the upmost respect is something that needs to be done on a daily basis for people in the medical profession. After leaving school I trained to be a hairdresser as I knew working with people was som ething I always wanted to do. During this time I was taught the skills required to style peoples hair, however I withal gained v...

Outline: Alcohol and Pharmaceutical Treatment

utliResearch Paper Outline I. Introduction Alcoholism is an ongoing problem, its dangerous, ___ people in the United States argon affected by it. (Source 1 1) Thesis While the symptoms and damaging effects of alcoholism bear be physically and mentally dangerous, there are many a(prenominal) different manipulation options and precautions available to prevent against this harmful disease. II. A. Symptoms of alcoholism Topic sentence The symptoms of alcoholism are quite noticeable in those who are effectuate by the disease. 1. Excessive use 2.Neglecting of normal activities (social, occupational, recreational) 3. Ongoing unsuccessful efforts to cut down use 4. Persistence of use (cant stop though you gain reoccurring problems or medical conditions) 5. Withdrawal B. Effects of alcoholism Topic sentence Effects of alcoholism can be detrimental to ones lifestyle, and can cause both life threatening and non-life threating cancers and disease essay writers for hire. 6. Disease (NC 10) 1. Family Problems (NC 5,6, & 7)(Our room) 4. Unintentional and intentional injury( NC 9) . Cancer(NC 8) 3. Imprisonment, fines, tickets, etc (source 1 2) 2. Problems in the workplace (NC 3 & 4) C. Treatments available Topic sentence Treatments for alcoholism are available such as rehabilitation care, pharmaceutical treatment, and various support group meetings. 1. Rehab centers 2. Pharmaceutical treatment 3. Support groups D. Prevention against alcoholism Topic sentence Drinking in moderation and taking into account alcohol laws and regulations can act as saloon against alcoholism. . Employee health promotions (NC 1) 2. Alcohol laws 3. Alcohol taxes 4. Alcohol Education (NC 2) III. Conclusion Revisit main points and tie it all together. . . . the detrimental impact of alcohol consumption on the global burden of disease and injury was surpassed only by unsafe sex and childhood underweight status but exceeded that o many determinate risk factors, such as unsafe water and sanitatio n, hypertension, high cholesterol, or tobacco use (Rehm).

Obesity and Consumerism in American Culture Essay

Americas corpulency and weight management problems do plagued wellness practitioners for decades. More recently, however, these same problems bear been the subject of much interest among social scientists who were compelled to look at obesity as a social and heathenish phenomenon. Apparently, obesity among Americans is not only a health problem but a growing social and cultural problem as well, affecting almost 30 percent of the population. (Seiders & Petty, 2004) Indeed, larger waistlines are becoming the ubiquitous signs of American culture, along with fastfood chains that connote unhealthy consume habits and overeating. Despite the dire health consequences arising from higher cholesterol levels and increased risk to cardiovascular diseases, the majority of Americas citizens keep gaining weight, in what seems to be a drive to make obesity the norm rather than the exception.Unfortunately, the obesity phenomenon is but a symptom of greater problems besetting American society. F reund and Martin (2005) notes that the problem is inextricably linked to patterns of hyperconsumption and unsustainable consumerist attitudes. The authors contend that hyperconsumption is mainly characterized by the muscular contraction in space and time while at the same time increasing the intensity in consumption. (p. 4) It thus comes without surprise that McDonalds supersized meal orders postulate become synonymous with American consumerism as the fast food culture encourages overeating despite time and space constraints for the consuming public. (Ritzer, 2000)Unhealthy lifestyle choices have therefore come to define the American way of life, centered on unhealthy consumption patterns, lack of activity and exercise, and overexposure to giant food companies marketing ploys through with(predicate) the mass media. Generation after generation of Americans are born and raised to become obese individuals, as Pollan (2007) observes that food companies manage to influence the consump tion determine of even young children through careful advertisement targeting. It is safe to assume that these values and patterns of consumption will be cemented early and have an effect by and by in these childrens lives. Early conditioning among children of unhealthy, heavily processed, food choices almost insures that these would become part of individual habit that would be difficult to change later(prenominal) on.Clearly, the effects of obesity not only on individuals but on society as a whole should be a cause for concern. excursion from the obvious health-related risks that being overweight poses on individuals such as heart and cardiovascular problems, the indirect costs in terms of financial distress and counterproductivity essential be accounted for. Likewise, the effects of weight management problems on the psychosocial well-being and social functioning of individuals cannot be underestimated.Ironically, increasing obesity serves to reinforce consumerist attitudes w herein a burgeoning slimming industry has appeared by taking advantage of Americas growing collective insecurity and little body image. Desparate to lose weight, Americans are led to more consumption, this time of fad diets and slimming pills that promise miracles and often have serious side effects.Thus, obesity is not only symptomatic of Americas dysfunctional attitude towards consumption. It is a poor reflection on the entire American culture that an increasing majority of its members are seen as lacking in control or having poor eating habits and inadequate nutrition information inspite of the huge sum of money that the government spends for health promotion.Works CitedFreund, P. & G. Martin (2005). Fast cars/fast foods Hyperconsumerism and its health and environmental consequences. New tee shirt Montclaire State University. Downloaded on 12/16/07 from www.cnsjournal.orgSeiders, K. & R.D. Petty (2004). Obesity and the role of food marketing A policy analysis of issues and rem edies. Journal of Public insurance policy and Marketing, 23(2) 153-169.Pollan, Michael. The Way We Live Now You are What You Grow. The New York Times, April 22, 2007.Ritzer, G. (2000). The McDonaldization of Society. California Pine Forge.

A Man with Five Children Essay

Prescriptions StatementIn this elective students explore a variety of texts that deal with the ways in which individuals and communities buzz off and live in a orbicular context. Students consider the positive and banish aspects of the international settlement and the consequences of these on attitudes, values and beliefs. Students also consider the role and uses of media and engineering science within the adult male(prenominal) vill climb on and different attitudes people whitethorn have towards them.Students respond to and compose a range of texts to investigate how and in what ways financial backing in a worldwide village may influence the ways we communicate, engage and interact with each former(a).Elective 1 The Global Village oscilloscope to term The Global VillageThe phrase global village was first used by Marshall McLuhan, a media theorist in the 1960s, to describe a world that has been shrunk by modern advances in communications. McLuhan likened the vast network o f communications systems to integrity extended central nervous system, ultimately linking e real maven in the world.McLuhan wrote that the visual, individualistic score culture would soon be brought to an end by what he called electronic interdependence when electronic media replace visual culture with aural/oral culture. In this new age, humankind will move from individualism and fragmentation to acollective identity, with a tribal base. McLuhans coinage for this new social validation is the global village, a term which has predominantly negative connotations in The Gutenberg Galaxy (a fact lost on its later popularisers). (Source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan)In coifion on textBackcover sanctionI want your child, and yours, and yours. What do I want from them? One solar day out of their lives. One day a year, till they turn twenty-one. One day for the camera to follow them.Gerry is a documentary film-maker who, on day each year, follows five children around wit h a camera. He shows the results annually on television. Yet for the children who develop up under Gerrys (and the nations) watchful eye, the experience creates its induce dynamic.Are the participants his subjects, his children or his creations? What responsibility does a story-teller have to his subjects, his audience, and himself? How much does Gerry take? Does the mien of the camera distort the lives it is supposed to be capturing?Spanning more than twenty years, A Man With Five Children invites you into a world of fractured celebrity and distorted vision.Links to plan within the core textStudents explore a variety of texts that deal with the ways in which individuals and communities experience and live in a global context.technology providing a window into peoples livesprivate lives in public spacethe cult of ordinary celebritiesthe connectedness among strangersStudents consider the positive and negative aspects of the global village and the consequences of these on attitude s, values and beliefs.manipulation of both subject and representation of subject by media leads to manipulation of public opinion public misrepresentation of feature leads to private questioning of identity loss of lonelinessStudents also consider the role and uses of media and technology within the global village and different attitudes people may have towards them.attitude of media creators and their agendavarious attitudes of subjects reflect different reasons/needs attitudes of consumer in the global villageconsider the global village fills a bed cover in peoples livesKey ConceptsPrivate Realm, Public SphereHow private is private? A personal blog on Myspace is regarded as create in the public realm. YouTube can find out images of a girl dancing in her bedroom to millions around the world. What rights does an ordinary citizen have to privacy? What rights does a ren testifyed individual have to privacy? Habermas theory on the public sphere is based on the belief that a publi c sphere is an accessible and mugwump realm in which each voice is equal to one.1 To this end, many may regard the function of mass media as a public sphere, model of the citizenry and accessible to all. But is this the case? Is every voice equal? Is mass media really reflective of democracy? Who controls the public sphere of mass media, if anyone?usage by MediaIn a society growing increasingly dependent on media and technology to inform and express ourselves, how reliable can the medium be regarded? How open to manipulation are we as an individual and as a society? Who is manipulating us? The media subject? The media maker? The media distributor? How is this selective information further distort by our own perceptions of the world? Who or whatcan be trusted? What may be considered credible or authoritative? Will we believe save talking images, i.e. words coming out of a mouth that we can see? Can even this be misrepresented?The Unknown CelebrityMcLuhan, in coining the phrase gl obal village, was referring to a world whose borders of communication have effectively disappeared. Even now, what we see on TV can be straightaway transferred to distribution via the internet, reaching an audience far greater than that which was originally intended. As a result, ordinary people become celebrities, transiently or long term, to the uttermost that, despite never having personal knowledge of these people, we feel that we know them. To what extent can these people be known? Is knowledge of their lives and thoughts public property overdue to their fame or infamy? Is there a public right to know? Has the celebrity, willing or not, forsaken their right to fair representation or privacy? To what extent do celebrities control their public image?No Moral BentMcLuhan argued that technology has no per se good bent that it is a tool that profoundly shapes an individuals and, by extension, a societys self-conception and realization.2 Is the media and technology a forum devo id of moral values or moral discourse? Does the public right to information exceed a persons individual rights to privacy? There are laws to protect an individual from vilify and defamation, but none to protect a person from misrepresentation through editing or omission.The Positive Power of Media and TechnologyMass media is a very powerful weapon in the right hands it can unify and arouse a whole populace to action it provides even access to information for all who seek it it provides knowledge of the world of which we might some otherwise remain ignorant it provides a voice for the ordinary individual who chooses to covers up or speak publicly it allows understanding ofminorities, the underdog and the disadvantaged, it also provides a forum for the exchange of goods and services.Possible ThesesThe global village brings knowledge of the world into your living room however, you are invariably consuming someone elses perspective.Media and technology may be powerful tools for info rmation and exchange, but come with a hidden cost to society.Suggestions for introductory activities addiction on technologyStudents could keep a log over a 24 hour period or longer, recording every instance of use, amour or interaction with technology. This activity leads into a discussion/exploration of our dependence on technology on a daily level. Students conduct a study of those that have recently communicated with someone in another country via the web, phone, fax or email.How do we inform ourselves?In groups, students conduct a survey to certify all the ways that we inform ourselves as individuals and a population. What information do we rely upon to form opinions about what is occurring here and overseas? What kind of information and format do we regard as credible? What dont we regard as credible? How do we know what information we can trust?The global village as strength and as a weaknessStudents in groups brainstorm all the ways in which we benefit from being so virt ually and immediately connected to other individuals around the world. Do all individuals benefit, or is there inequality in the global village? Whatare the pros and cons of this kind of global network?Students should also consider the more complex questions ofWho controls the global village?How does living in or participating in the global village doctor our perceptions of ourselves and the world around us?Text-Related ActivitiesStudents respond to and compose a range of texts to investigate how and in what ways living in a global village may influence the ways we communicate, engage and interact with each other.Looking at Gerrys opening speech. Short answer questions.What is the effect of the direct head to the audience of this speech? What does Gerry promise about how the project will be conducted? What benefits does he offer the parents of these children?What reason does he give for the public benefit of the project? What is the symbolism of Gerry meeting the kids at the zoo?W ould these arguments persuade you? Would you have liked to have been part of a project like this one, or Seven Up?1) Write a letter to Gerry as a parent responding to his request for your child. Outline your feelings, concerns, objections, reasons for agreement etc. 2) Write a letter to Gerry as a one of the five children in the play at age 21. What do they have to say to Gerry in response to this speech he made to their parents at the beginning of the project?***Gerry says in the opening speech You know that old maxim? Give me a child at seven, Ill show you the boastful. I dont buy that. I say, give me a child at seven and lets see where he goes, where she goes. liken the five children as you meet them at seven to the adult at the end of the play. To what extent can you see the adult they would become at the age of seven? To what extent are the adults these children become a product of Gerrys role in their lives? To what extent does the media scrutiny affect their development and the perspective of themselves and the world they hold as adults? Select ONE of the children then write two short interviews, firstly, with a former teacher of the child and, secondly, with a spouse or friend of the child as an adult. Explore the characters development throughout the play.***Reverse the gaze of the camera. Write a short film gibe of Gerry talking to the camera at the end of the play. Have him reflect on his actions throughout the project and the lives of the children. If possible, video tape the enactment of this scene.***You are responsible for selling the box set of Gerrys Five Children documentaries. How will you promote it? What aspects of the childrens lives do you focus on? Produce a brochure and a chump advertisement for distribution at the point of sale.Assessment TaskCourse Standard EnglishModule C The Global VillageTask backwash and RepresentingWeighting 15%Syllabus Outcomes2. A student demonstrates understanding of the relationships among texts. 6. A s tudent engages with the details of text in order to respond critically and personally. 7. A student adapts and synthesises a range of textual features to explore and communicate information, ideas and values for avariety of purposes, audiences and contexts. 8. A student articulates and represents own ideas in critical, interpretive and visionary texts from a range of perspectives.Viewing and Representing TaskTechnology brings the world closer together. Who does it serve and what impact does it have on society?Respond to the above debate and question in a visual representation based on your prescribed text The Man with Five Children and at to the lowest degree one other text of your own choosing. Your visual representation can be presented in any medium of production such as Power point, flip chart or smart notebookDioramaModelPosterSlide showShort filmStory boardDramatic monologue chuck up the sponge choiceYour visual representation must containVisual images and graphicsText fro m the play and at least one other text of own choosing Connections betwixt the texts and the positive and negative impact of technology on the global villageYou will be assessed on how well youRepresent the concept of the global village through graphics and text Represent the ideas of the play and at least one other text of own choosing Represent the positive and negative impact of technology on the global village Make combine connections between the textsModule C Standard English Texts and SocietyMARKING GUIDELINESCriteria attachSkilful representation of the concept of the global village through graphics and text Perceptive representation the ideas of the play and at least one other text of own choosing Skilful representation of the positive and negative impact of technology on the global village Skilful integrated connections between the texts15 13Effective representation of the concept of the global village through graphics and textThoughtful representation the ideas of the pl ay and at least one other text of own choosingEffective representation of the positive and negative impact of technology on the global villageEffective integrated connections between the texts12 10Sound representation of the concept of the global village through graphics and textSound representation the ideas of the play and at least one other text of own choosingSound representation of the positive and negative impact of technology on the global villageSound integrated connections between the texts9 7Limited representation of the concept using graphics and textLimited representation the ideas of the play and at least one other text of own choosing Limited representation of the positive and negative impact of technology on the global villageLimited connections between the texts6 4Elementary representation using graphics and textElementary representation the ideas of the play and at least one other text of own choosingElementary representation of the positive and negative impact o f technology on the global villageElementary or no connectionsbetween the texts3 0

John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism Essay

Abstract The paper presents the life of gutter Stuart sub through his biography. A coup doeil on his exceptional life as a child was also included in his biography. Likewise, his major contributions as a philosopher and economist were also discussed. Since bath Stuart Mill was a prop anent of utilitarianism, the paper focuses its discussion on Mill and utilitarianism. The views of John Stuart Mill on utilitarianism and how it differs from Benthams views were granted much attention in the paper.The history of utilitarianism was also presented to show how utilitarianism evolved. The confusions of many mountain, regarding who the real founder of utilitarianism, was clarified through the history of utilitarianism. Introduction John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), is a British philosopher-economist, who is the word of honor of James Mill. He is one of the best 19th century thinkers. In political economy, he was influenced by the theories of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and doubting Thomas Ro bert Malthus, and his tenets of Political Economy is a teeny more(prenominal) than a re statement of their ideas.He had a great impact on 19th century British thought, not and in philosophy and economics but also in the areas of political science, logic, and ethics. He was a proponent of utilitarianism. He systematized the utilitarian doctrines of his father and Jeremy Bentham in such move arounds as Utilitarianism (1863), basing noesis upon human experience and emphasizing human undercoat. In political economy, Mill advocated those policies that he believed most consistent with psyche liberty, and he emphasized that liberty could be threatened as much by social as by political tyranny. He is probably most famous for his essay On indecorum (1859).He studied pre-Marxian socialist doctrine, and, although he did not become a socialist, he worked actively for improvement of the conditions of the working race. Utilitarianism is a philosophy which has been around for centuries, a nd is dumb active and popular in the modern world. It is important not exclusively in philosophy itself, but in disciplines such as economics, political science, and decisiveness theory. To some people, Utilitarianism awaits to be the only ethical philosophy which is obviously correct. To differents, it seems to be quite misconceived, even reprehensible. Biography of John Stuart Mill.John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was a British philosopher, economist, moral and political theorist, and administrator. He was the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century. His views are of continuing signififannyce, and are generally recognized to be among the deepest and legitimately the most effective defenses of empiricism and of a liberal political view of party and culture. The overall aim of his philosophy is to develop a positive view of the foundation and the place of humans in it, one which contributes to the progress of human knowledge, individual freedom and human well- being.John Stuart Mill was born on May 20, 1806 in Pentonville, London. He was the eldest son of James Mill, a Scottish philosopher and historian who had come to London and become a leading figure in the sort out of philosophic radicals which aimed to further the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham. His m other was Harriet Barrow, who seems to assimilate had very little influence upon him. Mill was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. He was given an extremely rigorous upbringing, and was deliberately shielded from association with children of his protest age other than his siblings.His father, a fol subvert of Bentham and an adherent of associationism, had as his explicit aim to fabricate a genius intellect that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation later he and Bentham were dead. John Stuart Mill as a child was exceptional. At the age of three he was taught the Greek alphabet and long lists of Greek words with their English equivalents. By the age of eight he had read Aesops Fables, Xenophons Anabasis, and the whole of Herodotus, and was acquainted with Lucian, Diogenes Laertius, Isocrates and six dialogues of Plato.He had also read a great deal of history in English and had been taught arithmetic. At fifteen, John Stuart Mill undertook the study of Benthams diverse fragments on the theory of legal evidence. These had an inspiring influence on him, fixing in him his life-long goal of reforming the world in the interest of human well-being. At the age of seventeen, he had completed advanced and thorough courses of study in Greek literature and philosophy, chemistry, botany, psychology, and law. In 1822 Mill began to work as a clerk for his father in the examiners dischargeice of the India House. In 1823, he co-founded the Westminster Review with Jeremy Bentham as a journal for philosophical radicals.This intensive study however had insalubrious effect s on Mills mental health, and state of mind. At the age of twenty-one, he suffered a offensive breakd admit. This was caused by the great physical and mental arduousness of his studies which had suppressed any feelings or spirituality he might have developed normally in childhood. Nevertheless, this depression eventually began to dissipate, as he began to find solace in the poetry of William Wordsworth. His capacity for emotion resurfaced, Mill remarking that the cloud gradually drew off. In 1851, Mill married Harriet Taylor after 21 years of an at times intense friendship and love affair.Taylor was a authoritative influence on Mills work and ideas during twain friendship and marriage. His relationship with Harriet Taylor reinforced Mills advocacy of womens rights. He died in Avignon, France in 1873, and is conceal alongside his wife. John Stuart Mill and the Classical School of Thought Classical economics starts with Adam Smith, as a coherent economic theory, continues with the British economists Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo, and culminates in the synthesis of John Stuart Mill, who as a young man was a follower of David Ricardo.Among the classical economists in the three-quarters of a century, although they have differences of opinion among Smiths Wealth of Nations and Mills Principles of Political Economy (1848), the members of the group still agreed on major principles. All believed in hush-hush property, free markets, and, in Mills words, that only through the principle of competition has political economy any pretension to the character of a science. They divided Smiths strong suspicion of government and his ardent confidence in the power of self-interest represented by his famous invisible hand, which conciliate public benefit with individual pursuit of private gain. From Ricardo, classicists derived the notion of diminishing returns, which held that as more labor and capital were applied to land, yields after a certain and not very ad vanced stage in the progress of agriculture steadily diminished. Through Smiths emphasis on consumption, rather than on production, the scope of economics was considerably broadened.Smith was optimistic about the chances of improving general standards of life. He called attention to the importance of permitting individuals to follow their self-interest as a means of promoting national prosperity. History of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a fairly old philosophy, and major elements of it are even older. The best known, and most prolific, utilitarian philosophers were Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). In their time, utilitarianism was a significant philosophical movement in Britain, and the utilitarians were some of the leading social reformers of the time.John Stuart Mill, especially, is quite well known today. Many people seem to think, unfortunately, that utilitarianism began with Bentham and ended with Mill. This is quite wrong in two ways. First, Be ntham was not the first utilitarian, although he did coin the word utilitarianism. Various pre-Benthamite philosophers were advocating utilitarian positions several decades before Bentham was born. Also, utilitarianism has a lot in super acid with ancient non-utilitarian philosophers, such as Mo Tzu and Jesus. Both of these people advocated a doctrine of universal love.These doctrines were not precisely say enough to compare directly with utilitarianism, but they were definitely universalist and egalitarian, and had strong currents of consequentialism, welfarism, and (at least in the case of Mo Tzu) maximization. The second problem with the popular misconception is that there has been a great deal of development in utilitarianism since Mill. Some people are aware, for example, of the later developments of Preference Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Mill is still usually regarded as the main resource on Utilitarianism, though.Part of the problem is that he wrote about it c omprehensively, and there have been few skilful comprehensive books about utilitarianism since then. Modern utilitarianism is in many ways far more sophisticated than that of Mill. Most importantly, it has become connected with many developments in areas such as economics, political science, and decision theory. Utilitarianism has forever enjoyed an essentially unique position as the only philosophy which applied to all areas of human endeavor in a reasonably straightforward endeavor, and pull to specific positions on how conflict between various interests should be resolved.In Mills time, utilitarianism was strongly linked to economics, although the two disciplines subsequently diverged. Today, Preference Utilitarianism as a theory underlies many ideas in the sciences, and has been formalized to a degree that Mill never dreamed of. The idea of utility maximization even has applications only outside of philosophy, such as its use in artificial intelligence to represent how a com puter could make trade-offs between different goals. Utilitarianism today exists both as a powerful kind of formal reasoning, and as the philosophy which says that such reasoning should define the moral ideal in human affairs.Utilitarianism can even be formally derived from a set of four reasonable seeming axioms, something that no other major philosophy can claim. The modern state of utilitarianism in relation to other philosophies is actually quite unusual. Most philosophies exist in theoretical isolation, based on ideas which have little in common with ideas in other disciplines. Other disciplines, in turn, dont have much formal contact with them. Most major philosophies have a significant presence in politics and social issues, with people explicitly referring to issues such as rights and e reference when debating how society should be organized.Utilitarianism, on the other hand, exists mostly in the background of popular discourse. People who claim to follow other philosophies often make utilitarian arguments when it suits them, and utilitarian arguments are often used by people who wouldnt claim to follow any specific philosophy at all. Many philosophers make sure to explicitly place their ideas in opposition to utilitarianism, as if it were always lurking in the background ready to pounce on the unsuspecting theory. In part, this may be because utilitarianism is a sort of philosophical hydra, growing a freshly position for each one that is dismissed.While specific utilitarian ideas are vulnerable to attack, the underlying sentiments have proven amazingly resilient and have evolved to remain entirely current. Throughout the twentieth century, many philosophers confidently predicted that utilitarianism had been devastated, and would soon fall out of favor only to be disproved when it remained as popular as ever. Utilitarian perspectives have also been quietly adopted in domains ranging from economics, political science, and decision theory to cognitive science and artificial intelligence.This has given modern utilitarianism a powerful formulation like no other, and a strong applied tradition. The old questions of how to measure utility, and how to maximize it most effectively in practice, have been extensively researched outside of philosophy. The result of this is that while other philosophies often talk in general terms of how they should be applied, and have problems in resolving conflicts between various principles, utilitarianism is at the cutting edge of rigorously applicable principles. Which is still, it should be mentioned, far from perfect.John Stuart Mill on Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is the most influential moral philosophy in the last two centuries. Jeremy Bentham is the acknowledged founder of utilitarianism. He admitted however that he took over the principle of utility from David Hume. By stating categorically that there is an ultimate good a summum bonum, John Stuart Mill, the most famous utilitarian, laid the foundation of his moral philosophy. gibe to Mill, all moral actions should be aimed at attaining this good. Mill insists that this good is happiness. check to the Greatest Happiness Principle, the ultimate end, with reference to and for the sake of which all other things are desirable whether we are considering our own good or that of other people is an existence exempt as far as possible from pain, and as rich as possible in enjoyments, both in point of cadence and woodland ( Boyce, p. 36) Mill states his teological position by insisting that the rightness of an action is determined by the actual consequences. It cannot be done by simply examining the personality of the act alone. The real value of our actions depends on whether it promotes the good or not.The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals Utility or Greatest Happiness Principle holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness. Wrong, as they tend to produce the reverse of happi ness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence seizure of pain, by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure. (Boyce, p. 36) Mill differs radically from Bentham on two important points. He is vehemently against the purely quantitative treatment of the principle of utility. According to Mill, we have to admit that some pleasures are intrinsically superior to others.He disdainfully said It is better to be a human being dissatisfied, than a pig satisfied better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question. The other party to the comparison knows both sides. (Solomon, p. 310 ) To confirm his point, Mill cites Epicurus (341-270 B. C. ) who also espoused the view that while the good life is the life of pleasure, he does not mean only material and sensual pleasure alone. These are higher forms like intellectual and spiritual pleasure.According to both p hilosophers some pleasures are intrinsically superior to others. When there are some issues that arise about the criterion for judging the select of pleasure. Mill argues that If I am asked what I mean by difference of quality of pleasures, or what makes one pleasure more valuable than other, merely as a pleasure, except its being greater in amount, there is but one possible answer. Of two pleasures if there is be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a obstinate preference, irrespective of a feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure.If one of the two is, by those who are competently acquainted with both, lay so far above the other that they prefer it, even though knowing it to be attended with a greater amount of discontent, and would not lift it for any quantity of the other pleasure which their name is capable of, we are justified in ascribing to the preferred enjoyment a superiority in quality so far outweighing quantity as to render it, in comparison of small account. (Solomon, pp. 297-298).The example given by Mill is Socrates who is acquainted with both bodily pleasure and intellectual pleasure. If you ask which pleasure is more desirable, obviously, according to Mill, Socrates will choose intellectual pleasure. So the criterion for judging which pleasure is better than another must be made by a judge who has experienced both kinds of pleasures. Indeed, Mill is calling for an inter-subjective consensus of people who experienced both types of pleasure. The introduction of quality of pleasure added undue complication to Benthams quantitative calculus.The higher pleasure consists of the more intellectual, artistic and even spiritual, like reading poetry, speculating about the nature or the cosmos, enjoying of music and the visual arts etc. as opposed to the more sensual and physical, like eating good food, indulging in sex and other physical stimulation. It must be mentioned though, that Mi ll is not excluding the lower pleasure from consideration. But obviously, he personally prefers the higher pleasures. Remember that it is the pig that provides the model for lower pleasure in contrast, it is Socrates who exemplifies the quest for higher pleasures.Mills proof on the soundness of the principle of utility The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible is that people actually see it. The only proof that a sound is audible is that people actually hear it and so the other sources of our experience. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence is it possible to produce that anything is desirable that people do actually desire it no reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desire his own happiness. (Solomon, p. 319 ).This proof has been the subject of debate among utlilitarian scholars. According to Solomon, the most generous interpretation of Mills proof are the follow ing ones own happiness or pleasure is the only thing sought after by each person the general happiness or the happiness of all is the only thing desired for itself by all the only test of something being desirable is its being desired the general happiness is the only thing desired in itself and lastly, the only test of the rightness or wrongness of actions is their tendency to promote the general happiness (the greatest happiness for the greatest number).Summary and conclusion John Stuart Mill, being a philosopher and an economist had a great impact in the 19th century british thought not only in the field of philosophy and economics but also in other areas of political science, logic, and ethics. His exceptional childhood because of his fathers rigorous training had injurious effects on his mental health, and state of mind. Nevertheless, his father was able to create a genius in him that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation after the death of his fat her and Bentham.One of the important works of John Stuart Mill was Utilitarianism, which argues for the philosophy of Utilitarianism. This philosophy was primarily formed by Jeremy Bentham, but Mills father James Mill was also a proponent. Utilitarianism holds that actions are good in proportion to the amount of happiness produced and number of people happiness is produced in. Mills main innovation to Utilitarianism is the idea of a hierarchy of pleasures.Bentham had treated all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argued that intellectual and moral pleasures and developments were superior to more physical forms of pleasure. His views are of continuing significance, and are recognized to be among the deepest and certainly the most effective defenses of empiricism and of a liberal political view of society and culture. The overall aim of his philosophy is to develop a positive view of the universe and the place of humans in it, one which contributes to the progress of human know ledge, individual freedom and human well-being.His views are not entirely original, having their roots in the British empiricism of John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, and in the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham. But he gave them a new depth, and his formulations were sufficiently articulate to gain for them a continuing influence among a broad public. References ACUNA, A. E. 2001. Philosophical Analysis. 5th Edition. U. P. Department of Philosophy. Diliman, Quezon City.Autobiography by John Stuart Mill. http//www. utilitarianism. com/jsmill. htm. BOYCE, W. D. 1978. honourable Reasoning. University of Nebraska Press. London. MONTGOMERIE, I. 2000. A Utilitarian FAQ. http//www. ianmontgomerie. com /manifesto/utilitarian. SOLOMON, R. C. Morality and the Good Life. 1984. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. Websters Family Encyclopedia. 1999. Vol. 6. Archer Worldwide Inc. Great Neck, New York, U. S. A.

Concentration of Acid and Indigestion Tablet

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Contact Essay Color backbone drop off Essays Unrated Essays Better Essays Stronger Essays Powerful Essays Term Papers Research Papers Privacy Our Guarantee Popular Essays Excellent Essays Free Essays A-F Free Essays G-L Free Essays M-Q Free Essays R-Z Essay Topics Plagiarism Donate a Paper An Investigation to see How the Concentration of Hydrochloric pungent affects the Rate of chemical defendion with Calcium CarbonateRate This Paper 1 2 3 4 5 Length 3036 words (8. 7 double-spaced pages) Rating Red (FREE) An Investigation to see How the Concentration of Hydrochloric acid affects the Rate of Reaction with Calcium Carbonate I am going to investigate how soaking up of hydrochloric acid affects the rate of contradiction mingled with hydrochloric acid and stomach upset launch pads which contain in the main calcium carbonate.From my background noesis from class work and books, (see references) I defend ground out that if you maturation the assiduousness of hydrochloric acid, the rate of reaction get out increase and the time of the reaction leave alone decrease. The submergence is dependant on the proportions of hydrochloric acid and water in the solution. The stronger the hydrochloric acid is, the higher(prenominal) the concentration is. I know from my interrogation that other things can affect the rate of reaction, for exampleTemperature of acid- the higher the temperature of the acid is, the a great deal(prenominal) aptitude the particles hasten to move around, thitherfore on that point are more(prenominal) collisions and so a faster rate of reaction. There is a certain amount of energy needed for the particles to react which is c tout ensembleed the activation energy, so when the temperature of the solution is higher, it gives more particles sufficient energy so they move faster to react when they jar more. Size of the particles- when the reactant is a solid then it can be broken downward(a) into sm all(prenominal)er pieces or into a powder giving it polar surface orbital cavitys.The smaller the pieces, the bigger the surface area is and therefore there is more area for the acid to react with it, and so there is more chance of the particles colliding, so the rate of reaction impart increase. Catalysts- this weakens the bonds in the reacting molecules so it seems to lower the activation energy for the reaction. This means that there can be many more successful collisions because particles exit have more energy than the activation energy, and so the reaction will be faster. In order to keep my experiment fair, I must keep all the variables the identical(p) besides concentration, which is what I am investigating.From my preliminarty experiments, I have found that a fluid is let off in this reaction and having testing by putting it with lime water, I have concluded that the ordnance is carbon dioxide becau se the lime water turned cloudy. The equation is Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric acid Calcium Chloride + water + carbon dioxide To find the rate of reaction, I will measure how massive it takes to produce a certain amount of gas. To work out the rate of reaction, I have to divide the amount of gas I will collect with the time.Rate= amount of gas collected/ time In order to list this experiment fair, I will keep all the variables the same, except concentration. I will keep the mass of calcium carbonate the same by apply one tablet distributively time. The masses of from each one tablet vary, but only by a tenth of a gram either side of 1. 01g, which I think is not a large generous divagation in mass to make a difference to my experiment. I will try to do all my experiments on the same day, so the mode temperature will be the same, which means the temperature of the acid will not change.I will use a burette to measure the amount of hydrochloric acid and water, so the record book of acid will be the same. I will keep the surface area the same because I will use the whole tablet and so each one will have the same surface area because they are all similar in size. Finally, I will use the same apparatus throughout my whole experiment to make it a fair test. I have done prelim experiments in order to find the amounts I should use for the variables. I chose to collect 40cm? of gas, 50cm? of acid solution and use half a intigestion tablet and crush it.I found three hassles with use this half a crushed tablet. The first problem was the fact that it did not react very strongly, and it did not collect more than 24cm? of gas with my lowest concentration of acid, secondly it was sticky to get just half a tablet, and this would take too long in my real experiment if I was to get exactly half a tablet each time. Lastly, I did not know when to start my better clock, because the time delay from the first bits of calcium carbonate falling into the acid, to the las t bits of calcium carbonate falling was quite long and in between this, some(prenominal) gas was lost.This has made me decide to use a whole intigestion tablet, so I do not loose as a lot gas inbetween putting the tablet into the solution and putting the bung on the conical flaskful. GRAPH I decided that the lowest concentration I will use is 1M of hydrochloric acid. , which took 85 seconds to collect 40cm? of gas. This highest concentration I will use is 3. 8M of hydrochloric acid, which took 50 seconds to collect 40cm?. From my preliminary experiments I have decided to Use one whole tablet, 50cm? of different acid concentrations and time how long it takes to collect 40cm? f carbon dioxide gas. My divination is The higher the concentration of hydrochloric acid, the quicker the reaction time is with the indigestion tablets. This is because I have found out that the reaction will be quicker as the concentration increases, because the higher the concentration is, the more particles of acid there are which are closer together to collide more with each other and therefore react with each other, and so the reaction will be quicker. This is called the collision theory.I will use a graph to show my results, and I know from previous knowledge that the graph should be directly proportional, which means as the concentration increases, so does the rate of reaction. If the concentration is doubled, the rate of reaction is doubled, because there is twice as much possibility for collisions because there are twice as much particles. The line of best fit should go through the origin because when there is no concentration of acid, there are no particles to react. I expect to get a graph which looks like the followingEquipment 1 burette containing hydrochloric acid 1 burette containing water 1 conical flask bung and deliver tube gas syringe stop clock clamp stand I am using burettes because they have an accuracy of 0. 1cm? which means I can measure the volumes of wat er and acid very dead-on(prenominal)ly, and the range of the burette is 0-50cm? of liquid, which is large for what I need. I will use a gas syring which is accurate to 1cm? of gas collected, and ranges from 0-100cm? of gas which is accurate enough if I am to collect 40cm? of gas.The stop clock is accurate to the 100th of a second, but I will round the time to the nea bear second, because it is more realistic when remembering human reaction times, which is about 0. 1 seconds. In order to not let any gas escape, I will make sure I put the delivery tube and gas syring securely together. Method Set up apparatus as above Take 50cm? of the following concentrations at one time, using the burettes of acid and water-1M, 1. 4M, 1. 8M, 2. 2M, 2. 6M, 3. 0M, 3. 4M, 3. 8M. Put the acid solution into a conical flask Put 1 intigestion tablet into the the acid and put the bung on. Start the stop clock and time until the stain reaches 40cm?. Do this for all the concentrations. I will use a ra nge of 2. 8M of hydrochloric acid, the lowest concentration is 1M and the highest is 3. 8M. I decided to use these concentrations, because in my preliminary experiments, I saw that the reaction was too slow with a concentration below 1M, and that the reaction would be too fast above 3. 8M. I have elect to do 8 different concentrations, because I will not have enough time to do more, and I will still beable to draw a concusion even if I only use 8 different concentrations.I will have to use both 2M and 4M hydrochloric acid in order to make the different concentrations of acid. The ones which are 2M or below I will make with the 2M hydrochloric acid, and for the rest 4M hydrochloric acid. I will try to use as little of the 4M acid as possible, because it is more dangerous than the 2M. I will take as many repeat readings as I can in the time that I have, because repeats will help me to make sure I do not get any ill-advised results. I will reapeat the anomalous results first. The more repeats I do, the more reliable my results will be.Safety I will use 2M and 4M hydrochloric acid which both have IRRITANT warnings so I will be careful using them and try not to get them on my hands or in my eyes. I will use goggles to protect my eyes. GRAPH Results This culmination supports my prediction well because my results show that the higher the concentration, the quicker the reaction is because there are more particles to react with each other, and so there is more chance for them to collide and therefore the reaction is faster, which is what I originally assumed in my prediction.My graph shows it is directly proportional, because if I take the concentration of 1. 5M of hydrochloric acid, and find the rate of reaction using my graph, it shows that the rate of reaction is 0. 36 cm? /s, and using the graph if I double the concentration to 3M, the rate of reaction is 0. 72 cm? /s which is exactly two times faster than the reaction with 1. 5M which shows it is directly propor tional. In the following table, I have calculated the average time and rate of reaction for all the different concentrations.I have then worked out the difference between each rate in order to find if there is a trend in how much quicker the reaction is which each concentration. GRAPH From this table, I can see there is a trend, because as the concentration goes up by 0. 4M each time, the rate goes up by 0. 07, 0. 08 or 0. 09 cm? /s which are very close to each other and shows that the rate is quite consistent because no matter what the concentration is, the rate goes up in a certain way on average of 0. 08 cm? /s. The only results that do not go with trend are the 3. M concentrations. On my graph I have circled them as anomalous results. There can be several explanations for this which I will cover in the evaluation. The following diagram is a simple way to help show why the rate of reaction increases with the concentration My experiment has helped me with my conclusion that the ra te of reaction increases as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases, and has given me evidence to help explain it. Evaluation My results are as realiable as I could make them using the apparatus and the time I had.From my results I can say that most of the results are quite reliable and accurate to what they should be because I got the results I expected. However, I did get two results which I would say are anomalous. I decided that these two results are anomalous because according to my background knowledge and the rest of my results, I knew that I should get a directly proportional line of best fit, and the rest of the results are very near to this line of best fit. I know that my line of best fit is correct because as the concentration doubles, the rate doubles.The results for the 3. 8M showed that the rate was slower than the rate of reaction with a lower concentration of 3. 4M. There are many different factors which may have affected my results. One of the biggest faults in my experiment was the fact that I did not have enough time to complete it in one day. Due to various problems, I had to do the experiment on three different days. This means that all the equipment was different which may mean that they work differently from eachother. This makes it an unfair test.The second problem with doing it on different days is the problem of room temperature which can have a big effect on the rate, because as I know from back ground knowledge, I know the warmer the acid is, the faster the reaction because particles have more energy so there are more successful collisions. I made the mistake of not recording which results are from which day, so I cannot tell if this had a major effect on the results. Whilst doing the experiment, I noticed a few problems which may also have effected my results.First of all is the problem that I only have two hands, so it was difficult to put the tablet in the conical flask, close the bung and also start the stop clock, all at the same time. When there was someone available, I asked them to start my stop clock, but this was not possible all the time. Adding this time to human reaction time of around 0. 1 of a second, some time could have been lost. Some gas was also lost in the time period between putting the tablet in and putting the bung on. I tried my best to make this time period very small, but still some gas was lost.When I had managed to get the tablet into the acid with the bung on and time it, I noticed that sometimes the whole tablet would not go into the acid, and so it was not all reacting, so in order for the whole tablet, I would shake it for a couple of seconds. I did not count how long I would do this for each one, but when I did shake it a lot of gas would be produced, so If I shook one flask for longer, more gas would be produced faster because the whole tablet would be reacting with the acid and there would be more collisions and therefore a quicker reaction.Between each differe nt concentration, I would wash the conical flask, and I observed that if I process the flask with hot water, the flask would become hotter, or if I washed it with cold water the opposite would happen. This meant that the temperature of the acid and water solution would vary. This made the tests unfair because if I did some of them with hot conical flasks and others with cold ones, the ones with the warmer flasks would react faster because the temperature of the acid would increase and so give the particles more energy to react.If the equipment was much more sophisticated, for instance if all the equipment would stay the same temperature or if there was special clock which would start at the exact time the tablet touched the acid, my results would be much more accurate, but I still found good results. IMAGEIf I could do the experiments again, I would do the following things differently in order for my results to be more accurate.I would make sure I did them all on the same day, use all the same equipment, have someone to start the stopclock, have better equipment, for instance a conical flask with a divider so the acid and calcium carbonate wont mix until I want them to Apart from all of the problems, my method was suitable and the experiment was successful because I had sufficient evidence to enable myself to come to a conclusion which agreed with my knowledge and prediction. I would have liked to share results with other people who were doing the same experiment as me to see if our results were similar, but nobody was doing the same experiment as me.The only results which I did not think are reliable or accurate is the reaction of the 3. 8M concentration of hydrochloric acid with the calcium carbonate, and if I had more time I would investigate this further. I would find out why these results were anomalous because even though I did reapeats, I still got anomalous results and so I would like to find out why this happened. I would like to investigate the rate of reaction with more concentrations in order to see what happens after 3. 8M acid to see if it was still directly proportional or if the graph leveled off.Other senseless investigations I would do would include using different types of acid for instance nitric acid or sulphuric acid and see if they changed the reaction at all. I would also try and use different types of indigestion tablets, because the ones I used contained ginger which I have researched about to find that it is used for digestion, console aches and pains in muscles and improves circulation problems, so I would like to investigate if this has a different effect on the rate of the reaction or not.I put an indigestion tablet into 1M of acid concentration and measured the temperature before and after the reaction for one minute to see if the reaction was exothermic or endothermic, but there was no change in temperature, so I would like to see what effect an exothermic or endothermic reaction would have on the exper iment. overall I think my results are reliable because the repeats are all very close to eachother, the biggest gap between my repeats is the 1. M concentration which had a time difference of 6 seconds, but the others which I had time to repeat are all around 3 seconds apart. If I had more time I would do much more repeats to make my results more reliable. The accuracy of my results are quite good because they are all very close to the line of best fit. I would like to do more experiments and repeats to make sure my line of best fit is accurate and in the correct place. Apart from these I think my investigation was successful.

Opposition to The New Deal Essay

The modernistic Deal, its humanityy Administrations and their policies were making major changes to American Industry and society. As a result of this, some people were quite in a bad way(p) and attempted to stall The New Deal.As time went on, FDRs gained more and more power over the reformation of the American economy and businesses. People feared the center of power FDR had and started questioning his intent. What really caused people to question Franklin D. Roosevelt was his attempt to fix the Supreme Court. As the nine judges making up the court were chiefly old and conservative, FDR believed they were too opinionated and too eager use their authority without considering the consequences. Therefore he decided it wise to request he appoint up to six new, open-minded judges. Some people saw this as FRD attempting to tamper with the constitution in order to give himself more power, and it scared them. It was mainly because of this power that FDRs request was turned down, but t he judges certainly seemed to have got the point and from then on were a lot more careful.Republicans certainly disliked The New Deal and found it dangerous. Leading Republican, Frank Knox, summed up Republican views on The New Deal by saying The New Deal scene has been leading us toward Moscow. By this he meant that with Roosevelts increasing powers and his guidance and control over industry it seemed that he was slowly but certainly verging towards communism. They also disliked Roosevelts industrial laws because they took power of the owners and benefited the workers with policies such as trade unions and social security.Some extreme opposition came from a self-educated man with a degree in law after only 8 months he was a shameless politician with no morals and he fought dirty. In order to get where he was he had fixed ballots by placing his own men at available posts in the state government, he had used work and bribery to get votes. Sometimes opponents were as much as kidna pped on Longs orders. Huey Long became US senate in 1930 and claimed that if he were to become death chair he would adopt the policy of confiscating any personal fortunes of over 3 million U.S dollars and giving $5000 to each and every less wealthy family. Long did not at any point explain how he would do this, but the idea of much needed money being given to them for nothing was jumped at by the poorer families, and Long gained a lot of support. Fortunately for FDR, Longs career ended due to assassination before he was able to contest him.So with certain aspects of luck, and a well-conducted New Deal, FRD managed to rescue America from its depression without any great hitches. There were careless flaws such as the course Roosevelt made trying to fix the SC without considering the consequences, but in the end all went to plan and opposition was only opposition, and not a threat to the New Deal.

Why I Enjoy School

Although many people, including myself, say that they hate school, it is one of the most meaningful places in my life. When I say school, Im referring to Interlake High initiate (IHS). Yes of course school may be boring or hard but it has made me the soulfulness I am today. School is meaningful to me because of the friends and memories I affirm made, because it has made me the person I am today, and it is leading me to my future and who I will be capture. My absolute favorite discriminate about school is the people.Through the 3 years that I have been at Interlake, I have made many friends. Some friends have come and gone, but nonetheless my friends are what make me look forward to coming to school every day. Before I came to Interlake, I was a student in the Snoqualmie Valley School District. I had gone to school with the same kids from kindergarten all the way up until 8th grade. Originally, Mt Si HS was supposed to be the utmost school that I was going to attend, but once I g raduated from 8th grade my parents decided to transfer me to Interlake.Im glad they did this because the friends I have made at Interlake are 100 times break up than any of the friends I ever had growing up in the Snoqualmie Valley School District. I cherish all the friends that I have made at Interlake because without them, I could be a completely different person right now. all in all to conducther, friends are the number one reason why school is so meaningful to me. Another reason why school is meaningful to me is because it has made me the person I am today.In addition to my friends influencing my path is who I am today, I have also changed due to other acquaintances I have made, and around of the teachers at Interlake. One thing I love about some of the teachers at Interlake is how chill they are. Usually some teachers would try to be an authoritative propel that controls the classroom, but certain teachers at Interlake make me feel comfortable in the environment that Im i n and in return I am able to talk with them without being scared of what they may say.When talking to my teachers, some have told me when Im getting out of line or if Im changing in a negative way and it really helps me stay on track and not lose focus. What also helps me stay on track are some of the other people at Interlake. Certain individuals at Interlake are menaces to society, and are likely not going to have a very successful future. These individuals influence me on who I want to become because they provide a template on what I shouldnt do.Even though many others including myself may dislike these individuals as people, I appreciate them for what they have taught me what not to do. Without Interlake HS and the people in it, I may be a completely different person. Lastly, Interlake high school is meaningful to me because it (in addition to college) is what is going to lead me into the rest of my life. In a nutshell, Interlake has given me an education. It didnt just give me an average education, but a top tier education due to the fact that Interlake is one of the top schools in the state.Again, I was supposed to attend Mt Si high school, but instead I came to Interlake because the academics are at a much higher level than at Mt Si. This education I have acquired is what is going to lead me into the college I am going to. If I had gone to Mt Si, my grades could have been different which would have affected the college that I may get accepted to this upcoming winter and spring. Who is to say what would have happened, but I know in my heart that coming to Interlake has set me up for a better future than what I would have become if I had gone to Mt Si.Lastly, Interlake is meaningful to me because public school in America is free. I appreciate this because not all countries have such accessibility that America does in our schooling system. In conclusion, Interlake is meaningful to me because of the friends I have made, the things that have influenced me to become the person I am today, and because of how its going to influence my future. Without Interlake I could have had completely different friends, been a completely different person, and could have had a completely different future.

Types of Chinese Masks

The origins of Chinese masks argon rooted in ancient religious shamanism. Over the centuries and m any(prenominal) generations, artists refined the use of colors on Chinese masks. Today, color continues to be used to indicate emotions or give clues about the individuality of a caseful. Types of Chinese Masks There are several types of Chinese masks dancers masks, masks for festive occasions, masks for newborns, masks designed to keep homes practiced and theatrical masks. When used on the stage, masks help viewers determine, at a glance, the attributes of a theatrical character.Masks are usually made from wood. However, Chinese opera masks, possibly the style that is best known in the west, are actually painted on actors faces. Color Meanings Many colors are used in any given Chinese mask, but the dominant colors impart specific characteristics. Red used on masks indicates a positive character. Red can also mean prosperity, loyalty, courage and heroism. Red shows intelligence and bravery. gallant is sometimes used as a substitute for red. In its own right, purple can found justice and sophistication. Black means that the character is neutral.Black also indicates impartiality and integrity. Blue faces are also an trait of neutrality. In addition, blue can show stubbornness, astuteness and fierceness. Green shows that the character is violent, impulsive and lacks restraint. Yellow tells the earreach that the character is cruel. Yellow can also mean evil, hypocritical, ambitious or sly. White faces indicate that the character is evil and hypocritical. Gold and silvery show the audience that the character is a god or a demon. The character also may be a ghost or a spirit. Gold and silver symbolize mystery.

Contribution of agriculture in the economy of Bangladesh Essay

The saving of Bangladesh is in general dependent on agriculture. About 84 pct of the total population live in untaught atomic number 18as and are directly or indirectly engaged in a wide range of awkward activities. The agriculture sector plays a very important role in the economy of the country accounting system for 31. 6 percent of total GDP in 1997-98 at constant (1984-85) prices. The agriculture sector comprises crops, forests, fisheries and livestock. Of the unpolished GDP, the crop sub-sector leaves 71 per cent, forest 10 per cent, fisheries 10 percent and livestock 9 per cent.The sector gene vagabonds 63. 2% percent of total national employment, of which crop sectors share is nearly 55 %. Agricultural exportations of primary products effected 10. 4% of total exports of the country in 1997-98. In the past decade, the agriculture sector contributed about collar percent per annum to the annual economic harvest-home rate. The agriculture sector is the single largest con tributor to income and employment multiplication and a vital element in the countrys challenge to achieve self-sufficiency in provender business reduce rural poverty and foster sustainable economic development.The Government has thusly accorded highest priority to this sector to enable the country to meet these challenges and to make this sector commercially profitable. horticulture has been performing a vital role in socio-economic progress and sustainable development through upliftment of rural economy, ensuring nutriment security by attaining autarky in food gains take, alleviation of poverty and so on. In FY-2004-05, the have contribution of all sub-sectors of agriculture (crop, livestock, forestry and fisheries) to GDP is 21.91 percent (table 7. 2). The crop sub-sector alone is intercommunicate to contribute 12. 10 percent to GDP and fisheries sub-sector accounts for 5. 03 percent. Of the total labor force in Bangladesh, 5. 17 percent are engaged in agriculture (BBS lab or force survey, 2002-2003). The contribution of agriculture products (including raw jute, jute goods and tea) to the total export of the country is 5. 79 percent (FY2004-2005). In terms of value addition, the contribution of agriculture to the national economy is immense. parcel of agriculture in GDP.Declining trend of contribution of agriculture sector to the Gross Development Products (GDP) go on in the present outgoing fiscal division. The growth of agriculture sector in the GDP has also gone down drastically in the last three categorys. National Economic Survey 2004 showed disdain rise in crop production by six lakh measured ton and Taka three hundred crore allocation for agricultural subsidy in the fiscal year for 2003-04, the contribution of agriculture sector in GDP has declined by 0. 54 percent from the last year. (2002-2003).After the fiscal year 2000-01, crop production did not witness any significant growth in the last three years exchangeable the growth during 1996-97 2000-01. Due to high volume of crop production, total food production rose to 267. 57 lakh metric tons in the FY 2001-01 from 203. 37 lakh metric tons. Even in the year of severe flood in 1998, food production increased by 12 lakh metric tons. Financial Year Contribution of Agriculture 1991-92 28. 70 1992-93 28. 21 1993-94 27. 30 1994-95 26. 02 1995-96 25. 68 1996-97 25. 87 1997-98 25. 34 1998-99 25. 28 1999-00 25. 58 2000-01 25. 02.2001-02 23. 98 2002-03 23. 47 2003-04 23. 08 2004-05* 21. 91 Fig 1 Contribution of Agriculture in GDP In the last two fiscal years, the food production has gone down from the take in the Fiscal Year 2000-01 (FY 01). Though the growth was slightly over one percent this year compared to last year, experts think that the growth was not sufficient in the last three years. Food production rose to 273 lakh metric tons in the current fiscal year (2003-2004). development rate in agriculture sector has gone down to 2. 41 percent in the FY 2003-04 from 5. 5 percent in the FY 2000-01.Agriculture growth had witnessed a negative growth of about 0. 6 percent in the following fiscal year 2001-2002. Fig Growth of Agriculture. In the last five years, the highest growth of 6. 9 percent in agriculture sector was achieved during 1999 2000 when the growth in crop production was 8. 1 percent. During the year of negative growth, individual growth in crop production was also negative 2. 4 percent. Comparatively, when the growth in agriculture sector was the highest during 1999-2000, crop production was also the highest in the last 10 years.In that year, crop production had yielded 8. 1 percent growth. Growth in crop production was much higher(prenominal) during FY 00 and FY 01 in the last 10 years. During the FY 01, the growth in crop production was 6. 2 percent. Even in the year of severe flood, growth in crop production was 3. 1 percent. During FY 94, FY 95 and FY 96, the growth in agriculture sector was -0. 7 percent, -1. 9 percent and 2 p ercent. In FY 97, production started to rise and achieved 5. 6 percent in that year with 6. 4 percent growth in crop production.The trend of food production in the last ten years as charted in the Bangladesh Economic Survey 2004 has projected that food production was stagnating around 190 lakh metric tons from FY 94 FY 96. But from FY 97 to FY 01, food production had increased from 203 lakh metric tons to 267 lakh metric tons. Contribution of Agriculture sub sector on GDP of Bangladesh Total agriculture sector is explained under four sub-sectors.They are- Growth rate in Agricultural Sector (In percentage) Budget Year Agriculture &Forestry median(a) Fishery Average 1991-92 1. 39 0. 44 8. 24 7. 76 1993-94 -0. 65 0. 44 7. 91 7. 76 1994-95 -1. 93 0. 44 6. 79 7. 76 1995-96 2. 03 0. 44 7. 39 7. 76 1996-97 5. 57 4. 58 7. 67 6. 18 1997-98 1. 63 4. 58 8. 98 6. 18 1998-99 3. 24 4. 58 9. 96 6. 18 1999-00 6. 92 4. 58 8. 87 6. 18 2000-01 5. 53 4. 58 -4. 53 6. 18 2001-02 -0. 62 1. 67 2. 22 2. 9 2 2002-03 3. 29 1. 67 2. 33 2. 92 2003-04 4. 38 1. 67 3. 09 2. 92 2004-05 -0. 37 1. 67 4. 02 2. 92 Contribution of each sub-sector in the economy of Bangladesh is discussed below.

The Women’s Struggle for Equal Rights

The womens struggle for bear on rights has existed throughout American history. For thousands of historic period women had been denied of their rights and always been thought of as having a second-class economic consumption in society. Women were powerless and considered the property of men.Women were and expected to fulfill certain maps in life. They conduct been groundn the role of being the weak, submissive, and a house-wife that was meant to stay home and care for the children. She was not expected to work outside the home. The women of the mid(prenominal) 1800s realized that it was clock time for a change and so began the womens right front.It was the mid 1800s and the women started to take a step. Women began fighting for qualified opportunities just as men. On July 1848, three hundred populate came together at Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss and resolve the inequities that had place women as second-class. At this meeting, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, one of the women who form the convention and was also known as Mother of the Suffrage Movement, presented a speech. She listed the areas in which women should have equality, and surprise everyone by including the right to suffrage. She had used a piece from the Declaration of Independence as her model We return these truths to be self-evident that all men and women are created equal. This meeting was the start of a fight that would span on for years.Women thought that the first step to gaining equality was being able to vote. The fight for the right to vote began in 1840. This was not an easy goal to accomplish. Along with other rights they wanted, they had to fight their way through arouse legislatures and congressional obstacles. Men argued that women were too sensitive and emotional and therefore would not be able to finish off fair political decisions. Almost a century later, August 1920, the womens right to vote was eventually passed. It was the Nineteenth Amendment, The right of the lin ked States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. In the 1980 presidential election, for the first time women outnumbered the male voters. The gaining of the womens right to vote gave women hope that whatsoeverday men and women would be created equal.Although the women were allowed to vote, it little meliorate the way society portrayed women. Women still faced difficulties in experiencing equal rights. But the fact is, the womens rights movement has made some steps into eliminating inequality.Women were denied of higher education. The highest education a woman was allowed to complete was the mainly level. Due to this lack of higher education women were to only be illegible for jobs such as secretaries and teachers. Women had a hard time finding higher professional jobs because they lacked the proper education. Parents raised their daughters towards being a house-wife, so that a higher education would be pointless. This has been somewhat of an improvement. Before their education was limited to only house servant skills. This act was very effective in schools. It was not until 1974, when Congress passed the Equal Educational Opportunities Act, which stated that no one will be denied of education due to gender, race, color, or nationality. It was able to change the way some courses only to particular sexes, in other words, putting an end to stereotyping. For example, if a girl chooses to take an automobile shop course and a boy wanted to take a home economics course, they would have every right to do so.The opportunity for higher education for women gave them the chance to enter the work force. A woman could be anything whom she wants to be. All women are capable of being a housewife and caring for the children at the same time having a job. During the 1950s, the largest increase in work force participation was among married women compared to 1920, the typical working woman was single. Studies have fou nd that women that are employed play a higher role in her marriage as she normally would have being unemployed.Women that were employed full-time had higher roles in marriage than a woman being part-time employed. From 1955 to 1990 the percentage of employed women has increased twelve percent. though women were able to find jobs they still face difficulties concerning that area. Womens work advancement was still limited compared to men. If a man and woman happen to have the same job the man was always paid more. solid ground War I helped create new job opportunities for women, and many began to replace jobs that were once held by men.Although the women in the work force have increased, they face another problem in the work force. Discrimination. February 6, 1977, divergence complaints in the work force have risen to 130,000. Men often humored the working women. They did not think that women were do out to handle the job as well as men do. Over the years discrimination has lessen, but it still does exist.The womens rights movement was a very historical event that dramatically changed the government. During the eighteenth and 19th centuries, women were outnumbered not by population, but instead by the power of men. The growing number of participants of the movement and the continuation through time eventually advanced womens rights on both the state level and federal level. Women also proposed many Amendments into the Constitution. Eventually with changes of women in society, women began to become involved in the government. Women were being select to serve in government offices.It seems that the early Americans preferred their women as non-professional and non-intellectual, but as homemakers. Women were expected to get married an expected role, but eventually decided to change that. The womens right movement was created in rear to gain their equality. When this movement arose, the women were being accused of being selfish for wanting the same opportunitie s of men.Over the years the rights movement has slowly been a success. Slowly, womens roles in society have advanced. Society now accepts the rights of women and give them more opportunities to play a better role in society. Women of today hold positons that were once only for men. For example, in the past only men were to serve in high offices, but now so are women. Although women have achieve alot of the goals in the movement, some feel that Women can not be equal outside of the home until men are equal inside the home.

Fiedler contingency model Essay

Whenever and wherever gentleman beings argon gathered together in large numbers, they need drawing cardship. Even children need their school prefects and schools captains men whether of the East or the West, require to be led and each convocation throws up its own attracters in each succeeding generation. Whether in the school-room, or on the battlefield or in political deliberations, slew who are natural leaders and who are chosen to lead, always have the same qualities of book of facts and of outlook. In order to become the best leader the person should possess several qualities that leave alone be described in this essay. leading is an indispensable activity, which every leader has tap perform for directing the mess, working under him. It is the ability of the Leader to induce subordinates to work with confidence and zeal. In other(a) words Leadership is the process by which an leader imaginatively directs, guides and influence the work of others in choosing and attaini ng specified goals by mediating amid the psyches and the organisation in much(prenominal) as manner, that both will obtain maximum satisfaction.As a matter of a fact many people choose their perspective leader by appearance, nevertheless it is their fault. Some people have a misconception that only those people who are physically strong lavatory become erect leaders, entirely this is non the fact. A leader may non be physically strong further he inevitably to be mentally strong and firm in decisions. For example, Mahatma Gandhi, the set most of the Nation was the greatest leader but he was active and had a firm desire to act the Nation. He had the power of organizing and uniting people and attracting people towards him by his speeches.This is the best persona of a leader which he had in him. We can also say that, a person who can satisfy the introductory psychological needs of his followers can also be an effective leader. Leadership is a quality which cannot be acqu ired by any person from the other but it can be acquired by self-rule of a person. Leadership can best be called the spirit of the very highest ability-whether in ruling, thinking, imagining, innovation, warring, or sacred influencing.that only those people who are physically strong can become good leaders, but this is not the fact. A leader may not be physically strong but he needs to be mentally strong and firm in decisions. For example, Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation was the greatest leader but he was active and had a firm desire to serve the Nation. He had the power of organizing and uniting people and attracting people towards him by his speeches. Being altruistic and far go throughing also affect the leadership.A leader has to riding habit his/her brain every metre and also has to remain alert with eyes and ears open otherwise he/she could easily be carried by any fraud or enemy. Many a times we see such situations around us, where a person in trouble or problem doesnt veer in blaming and embarrassing even his closest friend to save himself, and also does not bother about his friends at all because the person has to get rid of his problems anyhow. So, he just thinks about himself and his life, the life of other does not matter to him much.Almost all of us are having one or more such close friends, so a leader should always keep in mind that he should not trust even his closest friends more than required as it can create problems for him. At the time of war, an Army Officer who leads his soldiers as to apply his brain every second and has to be attentive fleck marching ahead. A Police Officer has to be attentive always while he is at work as his duty is to control crime and provide safety to the people.The political leader of a county should be most intelligent as the security of not only few people but of the whole nation depends in him in one way or the other. Therefore, we can say news program and alertness are the indispensable qualit ies of a leader. As for example, one of the greatest leader of his time, Winston Churchill could win the secondly World War just by applying his brain and his alertness. A leader should also be an optimist having a positive attitude.he should not think negatively or plan something showing negative attitude. A person who thinks or plans somethings showing his negative attitude never be a Leader. A leader should always be courageous. He should have courage to face the troubles or problems and solving the problems by himself in place of blaming and embarrassing others. Cowards, who at the time of facing problems or troubles in their life label to blame and embarrass others can never succeed in their life.Such person remain at the same place where they stood in the beginning. To gain height and achieve something, one should come out of cowardness, jealousy and should become innovative, courageous, action-oriented and optimist. A good leader has all these qualities in him. To elaborate further the qualities of a good leader there are three theories of leadership and these are (a) trait possible action (b) behavioral theory and (c) situation theory. The first approach (trait theory) views leadership as a conglomeration of a set of personality traits.The older tradition in these studies of leadership has been the search for a cluster of traits, attributes or other types of individual difference, which see leaders apart from their followers or which distinguish effective leaders from ineffective ones. A good leader, as it found more often, is a good teacher. Instead of bossing his followers or group members a good leader always helps them through experience that brings a changed mind and motive. The leaders are rarely born. Favorable circumstances and perseverance these are the main components of the education of any leader.Therefore, if your goal to strike the lead, develop those qualities that, in your opinion, still do not meet the standard. The aforementio ned characteristics can help people to make great strides in being leader regardless of sphere of work, as human should assert the humanistic thought. Finally, a good leader must be faithful to his group members and activities. This in turn, will result in an atmosphere of assurance among the followers. Having faith in self abilities and the world around him/her the leader gains inspiration and also inspires others in the process.

How Might Prejudice Develop and How Might It Be Reduced? Essay

A judgment or whimsy made without adequate k outrightledge to Prejudge, to pass judgement or form premature opinion. We croupe quit the word injury down into dickens parts to give cle atomic number 18r understanding of its meaning, Pre is before and judice is to make judgement, so it is a negative preconceived judgement on an individual or radical prior to quest full knowledge or understanding about them.Prejudice effects m whatsoever aspects of todays society. Racism, sexism and homophobia argon all examples of discrimination against a convocation that they may feel does not fit in to their norms in society. This can stretch further to preconception against single parents, students, the elderly, the disabled, Goths, Emos, basically any conclave can be subjected to a form of detriment. These negative preconceived ideas affect the way we treat mess on a day to day basis.It is fair to say that most people would like to think they are tolerant of opposites and are not preju dice that it is unlikely that these people have no prejudice at all, it is inevitable that certain sort outs would not personally appeal to everyone and we may be drawn to other groups for company. There are three elements of prejudice. The cognitive element which are ideas about a particular group which form stereotypes.The affective element involves feelings in relation to a certain group, these feelings could include anger, disgust, intimidation or even hate. The behavioural element involves actions taken to express these feelings, for instance an individual may avoid a certain group or individual belonging to a group, they may become abusive all verbally or physically, in extreme circumstances this discrimination can lead to such atrocities as the Holocaust where millions of Jews were exterminated. The media has a massive impact on our opinions of others.It may not be that someone expressing prejudice has had direct contact or experience of a group or individual from a group but they may have formed opinions based on propaganda, parental influences, authoritative figures, peer printing press or ignorance. The social learning theory suggests that negative thoughts or prejudices are learnt from society, for example parents, friends or colleagues. We are not born with negative thoughts/ preconceived ideas for others therefore it must be a learnt ideation.Psychology gives two main approaches to describe the prejudice phenomenon, with many psychologist contributing with studies regarding prejudice for example The Robbers cave, Sherif (1956). This looked at whether prejudice could be created at heart a group. Social Factors of prejudice suggests that prejudice is a result of group interaction. Sherif conducted an experiment in 1956 to promote the theory suggesting that when groups interact with one another they testament inevitably fork up attitudes towards each other.The Robbers Cave experiment took a group of carefully selected boys, with no known fore ign attitudes towards each other, they split the group and introduced competition between the groups to observe the natural and spontaneous development of group organisation and attitudes. This is known as minimal group theory. Individual factors involved in prejudice theories suggests a sick person model, suggesting that prejudice is an individual occurrence relating back to unresolved childhood memories or trauma.Freuds bailiwick with psycho-analysis on this was a major influence, that conflicts in ones childhood creates a damaged adult personality. withal theories of the authoritarian figure by Adorno et al (1950) brought the suggestion of projection of unresolved past (childhood) experiences onto minority group. The down side to this theory is that it does not explain group prejudice, it implies that prejudice is an individual process and uncaring to having a sick personality.Reduction of prejudice is vital for social integration and acceptance. Prejudice has reduced oer t he years in many aspects, as we as a society become more acceptive of others prejudice should reduce, but there will always be a victimised group at bottom society which is outcast. Homosexuals could not be openly gay twenty years ago but now it is seen as an acceptable part of society, although there is still animosity towards minority groups such as homosexuals they are not so widespread and outwardly visible.There are several ways of reducing prejudice within society on both an individual and social level. Ignorance has a massive impact on peoples thoughts and opinions of others as many of their opinions of others are uninformed and uneducated. Education is a vital part of reducing any kind of animosity. Schools, parents and other authoritarian figures can take an active role in educating young people about minority groups to encourage acceptance, cultural awareness within schools can be very secure in the acceptance process.Opinions of parents are a major influence on a child rens attitudes towards those who step up to be different to themselves, so education is not only appropriate for young people but re-education of old-school thoughts is a necessary action. Integration with other groups is very important to build understanding and empathy between cultures. Also communication is vital to encourage understanding and time to allow these things to take place, attitudes cannot change overnight.Encouraging the seeking of common (superordinate) goals, can reduce divisions between groups, if mixed groups have a common goal to work towards they are more likely to pull together and put differences aside for the greater gain of the group. totally these are options for aiding the reduction of prejudice but time, effort and desire on the part of everyone is required to earn this reduction, but it is reasonable to say that even though prejudice can be reduced it will never be extinct there will always be an element of prejudice within society.