Inflation and Consumer Price Indices Essay Example for Free

Inflation and Consumer Price Indices EssayA literature Review5 Methodology6 Statement Of The Problem6 Objectives Of The Study10 abstract and Conclusions10 Abstract Consumer impairment index has been conf utilise by a lot of people in recent times. CPI, which is one of the most frequently used statistics to spot periods of inflation is also aroundtimes viewed as an indicator of the effectiveness of government sparing policy.The government, business, labor, and private citizens uses price swops information provided by the CPI in the Nations prudence to guide them in making economic decisions. The Consumer Price Index, as implied by the name is an index, or a number used to measure change. Investopedia (Investopedia, N. D) defines CPI as A measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food and medical care. This paper attempts to explain what inflation is, types of inflation and how it is thrifty by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which is the most commonly used measure of inflation.The paper also attempts to discuss the inflation behavior in Malaysia. Keywords Inflation, Consumer Price Index, types of inflation. entree CPI and inflation has always been thought to be same because CPI is widely used as a measure of inflation. However the current assess of inflation is not given by CPI itself. To know the increase or decrease in the prices of goods nd services, the index must be used in the calculations. The Bank of Canada (2010) defined inflation as a persistent rise over time in the average level of prices in the economy. As demand for goods and services exceeds the economys capacity to supply those goods and services, prices tend to go up while an excess supply of goods and services tends to put downward pressure on prices. Its important to understand the difference between the many different types of inflation. When inflation is more than 50% a month, it is cognise as hyp erinflation.There is no known history of hyperinflation in Malaysia, but it is known to have occurred in Germany (costantino bresciani-turroni, 1937) before World War II, and in Zimbabwe (michael wines, 2006) in the 2000s. Stagflation is when inflation occurs despite slow economic growth and the last time this happened in the U. S. was in the 1970s. When inflation affects different parts of the economy, its known as asset inflation because it affects in force(p) one asset. This occurred with expect portfolios when the Dow reached its peak (Google finance 2007) of 14,164. 43 on October 9, 2007. Asset inflation mostly occurs during embrocate-price shock.This is usually as a result of gas and oil demand predictions do by the commodities trader that the demand would go up during summer vacations. When traders become more concerned that oil supply would likely be cut off, just as during the Iran threat to close the Straits of Hormuz in 2012, (Aljazeera, 2012) traders will increase th e price of oil. And as a result, price of food, which is usually transported long distances would likely be hiked. A literature Review Cheng and Tan (2002) examined in? ation in Malaysia using quarterly data over the period from 1973QI to 1997QII.The study used the Johansen (1988) cointegration, vector error-correction modeling, impulsion response functions, and variance decomposition of the Sims (1980) approach. They included 11 variables in their analysis, namely CPI, money supply, interest rate, income, private expenditure, government expenditure, exchange rate, trade balance, capital in? ows, the rest of in? ation in ASEAN, and in? ation in the rest of the world. The empirical results of their study showed that external factors such as exchange rate and the rest of in? ation in ASEAN are relatively more important than domestic factors in explaining in? tion in Malaysia. Cunado and De Gracia (2005) examined the impact of various of oil price shock on in? ation in six Asian count ries, namely Japan, Singapore, Korea, Philippines, Thailand, and Malaysia using quarterly data over the period from 1975Q1 to 2002Q2. The study also examined the asymmetries impact of real oil price change on in? ation.The study used the Johansen (1988) cointegration method and Granger causality test. The main results were that real oil price change has a signi? cant short-run impact on in? ation and becomes more signi? cant when real oil price shock is de? ed in local property rather than in $US. Furthermore, the impact of real oil price change on in? ation is di? erent across economies in Asia. The real oil price change and in? ation race appears to be more signi? cant and more general than the real oil price change and output relationship for Asian countries. For Malaysia, the relationship between real oil price change and in? ation is less signi? cant. Moreover, there is no evidence of Granger causality from real oil price change in $US to in? ation. However, some evidence was found when real oil price change is measured in domestic currency.Also, some evidence was found for the asymmetric impact of real oil price change in $US and in domestic currency on in? ation. Methodology This paper uses data for a time span of 2005 to 2012 to discerp the inflation rate and also uses more data with a span of Jan 2011 to jun2012 to analyze the Consumer Price Index for that particular period in time. Statement Of The Problem The inflation rate in Malaysia has averaged at 2. 77 percent from the year 2005 to 2012. During this period, it would be noted from the graph below that, its highest inflation rate which is measured by Consumer price index was preserve at 8. 00 percent in July 2008. When compared to previous years, it is the highest recorded since 1986. Its lowest was also recorded at -2. 400 percent in July 2009. Exactly a year from the highest recorded.

Cost of Goods Checkpoint Essay Example for Free

Cost of Goods Checkpoint EssayA multi-step income statement for a trading business highlights the fact that between 40% and 60% of revenue from sales is accounted for as the cost of goods sell. The cost of goods attributed to a companys products is outlayd as the company sells these goods. There are several ways to calculate COGS but one of the to a greater extent basic ways is to start with the beginning take stock for the period and add the total amount of purchases made during the period then deducting the ending inventory. (According to Kimmel, Weygandt, and Kieso), cost of goods sold is found by taking the cost of goods available for sale (beginning merchandise inventory + net purchase), less the ending merchandise inventory (p. 244). In a wholesale or retail trading business, merchandise held for resale in the normal course of business is the largest asset owned by the organization. For this reason it is vital that exact up-to-date records be maintained when goods are ac quired and inventories taken. Finished goods and or merchandise trade names up cost of goods sold.There are two classifications of inventory merchandiser or manufacturer. In a merchandiser company inventory consists of many items all different. Whereas, a manufacturer, some inventory may not be ready (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, p. 282). Examples of items that make up cost of goods include produce, clothing, electronics, items that can be resold from manufacture to a company to the customer. This means when the business acquires a finished product, the cost of the product goes into an inventory asset account.The customer will then purchase the product, finished good, the business transfers the cost of the product from the inventory asset account to the cost of goods sold expense account because the product is no longer in the businesss inventory (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, p. 282). References Kimmel, P. D. , Weygandt, J. J. , Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial accounting Tools for busine ss decision making (6th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook appeal database

Entrepreneurial Organization Essay Example for Free

Entrepreneurial Organization EssayIn Business today the Entrepreneurial Organizations continue to grow, thrive and suspensor change the way companies and people do business. These Entrepreneurial changes that happen internal to large organizations or at small start-up companies all have some of the alike(p) traits in common with each other and use some of the same tactics to constrain business opportunities. Some of the traits they shargon to promote their business are Individual action and initiative, Innovation, Differentiation and Risk Taking. Individual action and initiatives taken by the employees within the organization are to create new product offerings or enhance existing products. These actions do not always succeed in creating revenue for the business, but might help start another product take in that will create revenue in the future, but the failures of these products is not seen as a negative within the organization but are treated as growth and are seen as pos itive steps.Innovation is a primary and necessary building block for the entrepreneurial organization. There are 2 types of intro that should be looked at, used, changed and viewed when using establishment and these are Product and Process. These types of innovation will create change in either a product or work out but both are essential to using innovation within the organization and will be used to create new ideas, process and examination new theories. Differentiation is another advantage that has to be used, displayed and shown for an entrepreneurial organization. This shows the advantage to customers and investors what unique good, service, talent and innovation that the organization has that makes the customers willing to pay a bounteousness for their services.Risk taking from a large or small organization requires some sort of investment on the part of the company, either in personalized resources or financial resources. The level of risk that the organization is willi ng to support shows the employees that the organization is willing and able to make changes if the risks are worth the reward. But risks mustiness be taken in these types of organizations to create and discover new opportunities. In conclusion, these are four reasons why entrepreneurial organizations seek to use innovation to create new opportunities and aresome of the building blocks for many large and successful companies. With the landscape of business always changing, if companies are not willing to use innovation to try and create new opportunities they might not be successful in the future.

Exploring Surrealism In Fashion Fashion Essay

Exploring Sur authenticism In Fashion Fashion EssayYou only have to take a discern at todays catwalks and direction magazines to see the unmistak qualified traits of Surrealism in formulate. How is it then(prenominal) that an artistryifice initially composed of concepts and words and subsequently of images generated in the complexities of the intellect and subconscious conceit (Martin 1987, p. 9) would forge such a harmonious relationship with make? In a bid to answer this question this thesis testament investigate the origins of Surrealism in style and its enduring effects on the fashion fabrication to this day.In order to understand how an ideal founded on political reactions would find its charge into the charm and materialism of fashion, we will first gearbornly begin with a brief analysis of Surrealism and the main ideologies of the movements. This essay will highlight the attain steps in the patterned advance of the Surrealist movement from its founding roots through to its manifestation in its somewhat commonly recognised form, art.Upon having completed a re mentation on the key characteristics of Surrealist political theory we will then explore how each of these characteristics has been expressed through fashion. though surrealisms founding fathers would non have concerned themselves with the attire of their movement, the fableical and meaningful attributes of fashion created a natural avenue for the expression of surrealist ideas (Martin 1987).No study on Surrealism in fashion would be complete without mention of its pi superstarering first lady, Elsa Schiaparelli. This essay will contain a caseful study on the life and works of Schiaparelli, focusing specifically on how she led the way in merging art with fashion by introducing Surrealist ideas in her invents. Her collaborations with artists such as Salvador Dali, clement race Ray and Jean Cocteau ravished the fashion industry with its ingenuity and style.A subsequent case study on Viktor Rolf will examine the contribution of Surrealism in todays fashion industry. Just like their predecessor Schiaparelli, Viktor Rolf are known for their ability to shock, with their extravagant orders and high-concept catwalk provides (Evans Frankel 2008). though not explicitly billed as Surreal, the flamboyant designs of Viktor Rolf exhibit tell tale characteristics of Surrealist ideas and serve as an ideal example of the height of Surrealisms impact on todays fashion.This study aims to reveal the important role that Surrealism has played on the fashion industry. Both from a historical point of view in the way that it changed the way fashioned was viewed, as well as its continued impact on fashion as a source of inspiration for contemporary designers. The collaboration mingled with artists and designers allowed for fashion to move forward in peculiar ways, pioneered by the likes of Salvador Dali and Elsa Schiaparelli, and exemplified in todays fashion by the likes of Viktor Rolf.SurrealismOften when we hear the word Surrealism we automatically think of art and conjure up images from Dali and his contemporaries. However, in actual fact there is no such thing as surrealist art. At its true core surrealism is not a matter of aesthetics, but rather a way of thinking, a point of view (Waldberg 1997). It can be summed up quite well by Rimbauds dictum Change life (Levy 1995, p. 5).Surrealism,through its roots in Dadaism, was a reaction to the philosophy of rationalism, which many felt had caused, through the Industrial Revolution, the disaster of World fight I. Tristan Tzara, leader of theDada movement, believed that a society that creates the monstrosity of war does not deserve art, so he developed anti-art in a bit to shock society through scandal (Sanchez 2000).Lead by Andre Breton, the participants of the movement were influenced by the works of Sigmund Freund and Carl Jung. The differing interpretations automatism, a term used to descr ibe one of Jungs theories on personal analysis, split the movement into two distinct groups of thought (Sanchez M, 2007, P.49). Some went down the path of abstractionism,where calligraphy, animation and movement were the key attributes, regardless of the subject. Their belief was that images should not be burdened with meaning. The others however, believed that images could be a link between abstract spiritual realities. Through faithful representation, objects stood as metaphors for an inner reality (Waldberg 1997, p. 9).For the purposes of this thesis, the focus will be on the latter interpretation of automatism in the realm of surrealism as it applies to a subset of artistic expression in the form of fashion design.Surrealism in Fashionthough surrealisms founding fathers would not have concerned themselves with the attire of their movement, the metaphorical and meaningful attributes of fashion created a natural avenue for expression of surrealist ideas (Martin 1987, p. 9). Its ap peal to the fashion industry was instantly obvious in the use of ordinary everyday objects and weird landscapes that transferred easily to fabric printing, jewelry,hats, couture etc, allowing designers the freedom to create art pieces. The amalgamation of surrealism and fashion changed the view of fashion from being disposable and unsubstantial to an art form in its own right (Warburton T, 2008, P. 2).As surrealism evolved into an artistic style through the 1930s and beyond, fashion became one of surrealisms most observable juxtapositions between the ordinary and extraordinary, malformation and embellishment, trunk and concept, pretence and reality. This fascination worked twain ways as what covered the body had unceasingly been important to the Surrealistphilosophy, in the way that it allowed the imagination to wonder what lay underneath, and this translated easily into wearable garments. The inherent characteristics of fashion offered a natural railroad tie to the physical pr operties of disfigurement that was central to the Surrealist style.Symbolism and MetaphorsFashion and its instruments were at the core of Surrealist metaphor even before Surrealism found its way into fashion. The imaginary of women and beauty has long been a popular topic for Surrealist artists. Based on the guide by French poet Isidore Ducasse, the chance encounter of a sewing machine and an umbrella on a dissecting table, Man Rays photograph of a sewing machine and an umbrella paved the way for the Surrealist study of the sewing machine object as a symbolical metaphor for woman. The sewing machine itself is the primary tool of fashion, and as such came to symbolise women, who at the time were the primary workers in the clothing industry. Therefore since the process is deemed female, so the result fashion is similarly deemed primarily female. Future Surrealist works would take this idea further such as Joseph Cornells untitled collage depicting a sewing machine producing not only a garment, but the woman indoors it also ( jut 1). The sewing machine was a central metaphor in the Surrealists understanding of beauty within a woman as being composed of clothing and form.Image 1 Joseph Cornell, 1903, UntitledMusic was other key imagery in the Surrealists arsenal in particular musical instruments and their resemblance to the female form. This objectification of women included the idea of women being substitutes for musical instruments. Perhaps one of the most famous of Man Rays photographs Le Violon dIngres (Image 2) fittingly illustrates this concept. This exact imagery has been used many times in fashion from Christian Lacroixs Violin get dressed (Image 3) to more(prenominal) recently Viktor Rolfs black violin dress (Image 4). Influenced by Dali and Man Ray themselves, Elsa Schiaparelli also used musical notes and instruments in her designs (Image 5).Image 2 Man Ray, 1924, Le Violon dIngresImage 4 Viktor Rolf, Spring/Summer 2008, Harlequin Collectio nMention mirrors?Human Form and PartsThe mannequins and dress forms of fashion created the ideal playground for the Surrealists appropriation of the human body. The bottle for Elsa Schiaparellis fragrance Shocking follow the shape of a human torso (Image 6) is a prime example of the Surrealist ideal of the conversion between the nutriment and the inanimate. These surrogates for living figures allowed for greater distortion and display than real models, thus allowing the Surrealist to fully examine the relationship between clothing and the naked body.The Surrealist fascination with parts of the body as symbolic representations is central to the understanding of Surrealist works. To the Surrealist, the eyes represent not only optical vision, but also dreaming, sight, voyeurism, and even blindness. Yves Saint Laurents used this approach pattern in 1980, producing a jacket with emblazoned eyes, Les Yeux dElsa, paying homage to Schiaparelli as the greatest advocate of Surrealist fashi on (Image 7). The French designer also used lips, a commonly used decorative device in surreal art, in his Lip Dress the alignment of the lips with the breasts, creating a distinctive Surrealist touch along with internal overtones (Image 8).Image 6 Elsa Schiaparelli, 1973, ShockingPerhaps the most imaginative of the abstracted parts are the hands. Used widely by Surrealists in all manner of creative, sexual and functional contexts. Schiaparellis jacket embroidered by Jean Cocteau plays on the functional concept of hands being a natural device for belting around the cannon (Image 9). This is also emulated in Francios Lesages Hand Belt (Image 10) and Marc Jacobs lOeil Beaded Dress (Image 11). Likewise, Pierre Cardins leather shoes in the shape of feet draw out the functional characteristics of feet (Image12). sack of ObjectsOne of the most common devices of Surrealism is the levelment of everyday objects in unusual places. The dysfunction and dislocation of an object allows for a redefining of that object and a friction between the conventional and the subliminal.One obvious method of displacing object is by using it backwards as is the case with the backwards jacket created by Karl Lagerfeld (Image 13), originally pencil by Elsa Schiaparelli. Viktor Rolf created a similar effect by presenting a whole collection of dresses pinched upside down and a show itself that was run wholly back to front (Image 14).However, displacement is not confined to within the realm of fashion itself. Objects from one classification can be used within another to create an even more vivid reaction. Dalis fusion of furniture and the human form inspired Schiaparellis design of a desk coat (Image 15) and later on Doline Dritsass Painted-Silk draughtsman Dress (Image 16). The use of traditionally non-fashion related objects in fashion is common among contemporary designers. Viktor Rolf have often used objects such as bells, pillows and even spotlights in their designs.Hats have offered some of the most interesting examples of this Surrealist philosophy from Schiaparellis Dali inspired shoe hat (Image 17), to Karl Lagerfelds mini sofa cfuzz hat (Image 18). The hat is an appropriate performer not only because its function allowed for a seemingly limitless display of dissimilar objects, but it also enabled the ridicule of the hat as a symbolic accessory in culture, ceremony and rank.Image 14 Viktor Rolf, Spring/Summer 2006,Upside Down CollectionNature and FantasyThe natural world itself offered the Surrealist with an array of symbolic objects. Some chose to contort existing symbols and metaphors, such as Rene Magrittes unconventional mermaid (Image 19) while others chose to make up their own eccentric associations, the perfect example being Dalis association of the lobster with female genitalia (Image 20). Dalis obsession with the lobster influenced Schiaparellis legendary lobster dress (Image 21), the painted lobster deliberately placed at the front of th e dress over the womans groin areaSurrealists had a particular interest in fantasy and the worlds within the imaginationThey had a fondness of merging things in nature with the human bodyLooking for objects within nature to symbolise certain things such as sexuality, beauty, metamorphosisImage 19 Rene Magritte, 1934, A Reverse MermaidImage 20 Salvador DaliImage 21 Elsa Schiaparelli, 1937, Organza Dress with Painted LobsterSurrealism in the Fashion IndustryThroughout the 1930s and 40s major Surrealist figures entered the realm of fashion, fashion advertising and shop front displays. Spurned by the first generation of pure Surrealists they sought a channel to continue their exploration into the reconciliation of revolutionary art and everyday realities. By enlisting the talents of notable Surrealists such as Jean-Michel Frank, Jean Cocteau, Cecil Beaton and May Ray, fashion magazines became the method for the propagation of Surrealist style.The partial figure, dislocation of body p arts and the placement of these parts in unnatural settings were adopted by raw(a) fashion imagery in the 1930s. The Surrealists ability to juxtapose the real and the imaginary made it an ideal form for advertising and media expression.Case field of honor 1 Elsa SchiaparelliFor Elsa Schiaparelli, her works were more about the passion and energy than fashion and design itself. What mattered to her more was that moment of inspiration (Martin 1987, p. 197). Born to an intellectual family in Rome, the would-be(prenominal) French designers work is best known for its Surrealist period in the 1930s, yet her work can be traced back to the 1920s during the earlier Futurism movement. Her marriage to Theosophist Wilhelm Wendt de Kerlor in 1914 encouraged a bohemian existence that led to encounters with a broad circle of international avant-garde artists and thinkers including Dada artist Francis Picabia and surrealist photographer, Man Ray.Through cooperative efforts with Surrealist artist s like Jean Cocteau, Man Ray, Salvador Dal and Marcel Verts she was able to bring enthusiasm and spontaneity to her collections. The Modernist characteristics and avant garde style of Schiaparellis work must have reflected their interests. Her simple-minded and sharp design aligned well with their modern lifestyle in tailored suits and evening dresses and her witty persona esteemed her original designs with embroidery and complemental colors fit for an active clientele (Bryan 2010).Schiaparelli was more an artistic designer than a refined designer, always grasping at ideas but not extracting a style from her garments. In her mind, the objectives of both the designer and artist were equal, and that a garment was a place for artistic expression rather than a medium for the couturiers fraud (Martin, P.198). The defining characteristic of Schiaparelli was her daringness to dream, enabling her to bring creations of pure, undiluted inspiration to fashion.A keen interest in unusual mat erials kept Schiaparelli at the forefront of design innovation. She was persistent in accruing new fabrics for fashion, especially manmade fabrics which were intentionally different from natural fabrics. Her use of cellophane like materials played on the illusions of transparency (The Torso, Picture Book, P.65), and hard rendered compressible materials challenged the traditional notions of the properties of materials. In one instance Schiaparelli commissioned the creation of a newspaper-clipping fabric, producing a paradox between the expected ruffle and stiffness of newspaper with the fogginess of fabric. She also designed a number of accessories to complement her garments costume jewelry, hand bags as bird cages and even necklaces made of insects (Picture from Elsa picture book, P.43). Most of these were created to make a statement rather than to be worn on the street.Not only was Schiaparelli eager to use unconventional materials in her garments, she was also zealous in adoptin g new fashion innovations of her time. Invented in 1936, the zipper was already being used by Schiaparelli in imaginative ways. Though we may look at a fleece dress with a zipper and contrasting colours and see nothing sublimely Surreal about it now, at the time it was considered novel and daringly inventive.In the 1937-38 season, Schiaparelli shocked the world with her Jean Cocteau jacket (Martin, P.100). The jacket presents an illusion of hands clasping the waste complemented by the profile of a figure and a cascade of hair down the side of the arm. In typical Surrealist style it creates a friction between the figure on the jacket and the wearer, frustrating the viewers attempt to place parts of the body in relationship with the figure. That equivalent year also saw the creation of the iconic, Dali inspired lobster dress (Picture book, P.46). An elegant party dress imprinted with a giant lobster. The lobster was a prime example of the Surrealist vocabulary of forms, Dali using i t as a substitute for female genitalia and sexuality.Of all of Schiaparellis artistic collaborations, it is the one with Salvador Dali which produced some of the most imaginative and unusual results. In 1936, Schiaparelli and Dali presented suits and jackets with bureau-drawer pockets reflecting beginnings prevalent in Dalis blind. In that same year, she and Dali created the Shoe Hat (Martin, P.111), a black felt concoction in the shape of a high-heeled shoe with a shocking pink heel. In these designs, Schiaparelli and Dali used the idea of displacement, where an object is selected and then removed from its usual environment. In doing so, they exchange the objects original purpose. The same Surrealist idea of displacement can also be seen on another of their collaborations, the Mutton Hat (Example?). With the desk suit, shoe hat and mutton hat, the artist and the designer altered an objects conventional meaning by transforming it into an item of clothing.The beginning of the Seco nd World War put a halt on Schiaparellis work, which afterwards the war would not return to the same level of exuberance as the past. Her glory was brief, but left a lasting impact on both art and fashion. Perhaps Schiaparellis most important legacy was in bringing to fashion the playfulness and sense of anything goes of the Dada and Surrealist movements. She was an artist in the world of couture, not a designer involved in the evolution of designs. A pioneer, whose inspiration and merger of the arts altered clothing with a capacity to be art, enabling it to be more than just apparel.Case Study 2 Viktor RolfViktor Rolf started in 1993 with the pairing of two Dutch graduates, Viktor Horsting and Rolf Snoeren. Ever since then they have endeavoured to blur the line between art and fashion. Through their early instillations at European galleries, Viktor Rolf quickly gained a reputation as high-end conceptual designers who created images and ideas rather than commercial fashion (Evan s C. and Frankel S. 2008, P10). Though early on they were known for wowing the fashion press but not selling a stitch Viktor Rolf made a move from haute couture to ready-to-wear in 2000.Similar to conceptual art, conceptual fashion involves works in which concepts and ideas take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Aside from the garments themselves, conceptual fashion was marked with radically new retail spaces, experimental fashion shows and adventurous publishing ventures. All of which have been exemplified in the works and methods of Viktor Rolf their upside down submit in Milan, performance piece catwalk shows and designs for miro-zines such as Visionaire.For Viktor Rolf, couture is an artistic medium, and a playground for the expression of ideas. They are innovative designers who make exquisite and technically amazing garments, yet at the same time they are commentators of their own industry. This is probably most evident in their early gallery inst allations, as many were critiques and commentaries on the difficulty of breaking into the fashion industry. The pairs first collection of over-sized dresses expressed their feelings of minuteness in the threatening world of Paris fashion. The internal referencing of the industry itself can also be seen in Viktor Rolfs use of Yves Saint Laurent emblazoned fabrics and paying homage to the iconic silhouettes of Chanel, Balenciaga and Yves Saint Laurent in their Black Hole collection. More recently their The Fashion pose collection presented their view on the importance of the fashion show itself to the industry. The garments for this collection were draped over scaffolding and spot lights worn by the model in a surreal juxtaposition of hard metallic frames and soft flowing fabric.Having mostly displayed their work through art gallery instillations for the initial few geezerhood of their career, Viktor Rolf had their first fashion show during the 1998 Paris Fashion Week, albeit with out the endorsement of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture, the regulators of haute couture. However, even then, their works hardly existed outside the realm of the fashion show. As one magazine put it their gowns tend to go straight from the catwalks into art museums rather than into wardrobes (Tuner J. 2000).The almost virtual nature of their garments prevented them from initially being granted admittance to the Chambre Syndicale. contempt not conforming to the Chambres requirements, it was their success in the fashion press and magazines that eventually gained them the respect and recognition for membership.Through their simulation of an emergence into the fashion industry via media channels, Viktor Rolf were able to do it for real. In doing so, they had also discovered the rising importance of images in an ever more media rich society. They grappled with the philosophy that our perception of reality is regulate by images and that illusion is now a new form of reality be lieving that fashion doesnt have to be something that people wear. Fashion is also an image (Gan S. 2001). This ideology is personified in their Autumn/Winter 2002-03 collection labelled Bluescreen. Models dressed all in blue were recorded via a video camera with the image then being projected onto large screens. On the screen, urban and natural landscapes were transposed onto the blue areas utilizing a movie industry method for creating special effects, thus creating a blur between image and reality.The innovative and often outlandish clothes produced by Viktor Rolf where often complimented by the surreal theatrics of the fashions shows that they were displayed in. In their Autumn/Winter 1998-99 collection Atomic Bomb, the duo fused the silhouette of mushroom clouds with the human form by installing silk padding to inflate the clothes. The apocalypse themed show was followed by models parading the same outfits, however with the implants removed to reveal the graceful draping of th e clothes. They used a similar dichotomy in their Spring/Summer 2006 Upside Down collection, showcasing pieces that could be worn bottom up or bottom down presented on the catwalk one way then the other. Applying the same surreal reasoning, the show itself was presented entirely backwards, with the designers appearing first followed by a procession and then the presentation of each individual piece.Perhaps one of Viktor Rolfs most memorable shows was for their Autumn/Winter 1999-2000 Russian chick collection. The show was more a performance piece, involving just one model who was dressed one piece at a time in layers of couture dresses by the designers themselves. The resulting effect was that of a reverse Martryoshka doll. This fascination with dolls has been prevalent throughout their career since their Launch instillation of miniatures in 1996 to their latest offering at Londons Barbican Art Gallery. Proving that their move to more commercial markets has not diminished the duos affinity towards Surrealism, the 2008 Barbican display consists of a gigantic dollhouse inhabited by 55 dolls draped with miniaturised Viktor Rolf outfits showcasing their 15 year career, aptly named The House of Viktor Rolf.In 2004 the duo launched a perfume called Flowerbomb and in fine Surrealist fashion packaged it in a grenade shaped bottle. Complimenting that was a clothing collection featuring the excessive use of oversized bows and ribbons. Viktor Rolfs penchant for the Surrealist ideology of displacement of objects can be further witnessed by their Bells collection of garments, severely embroidered with brass bells, and the use of pillows and quilting in their intimate Bedtime Story collection.Not only do Viktor Rolf draw on the ideologies of the Surrealism movement, but their works also show inspiration from other Surrealist artists. The ever present trait of medieval carnival was brought out explicitly in their Spring/Summer 2008 Harlequin collection. The garments exhibited references to commedia dellarte, a theme that was once adopted by the queen of Surrealist fashion, Elsa Schiaparelli (Evans C. and Frankel S. 2008, P16). Motifs of violins adorning the dresses paid homage to Surrealist photographer May Ray and his famous image, Le Violon dIngres (Image 2).Though not known specifically as Surrealist designers the characteristics of Surrealism are clearly evident in Viktor Rolfs designs. They have used Surrealist methods such as the displacement of objects, manipulation of the human form and merging of the real and imaginary as tools for their own conceptual ideas. Just like their predecessors, in the likes of Elsa Schiaparelli, they employ these methods to create innovative and shocking garments often more akin to art, than off-the-rack fashion.The Lasting Impact of Surrealism on FashionConclusionWhen Surrealism came to fashion it was with a passion, engulfing the fashion arts with an enthusiasm that has never left. Over time ideas about fashion presentation in magazines, window displays and apparel have evolved, but Surrealism remains fashions favourite art.The collaboration between artists and designers allowed for fashion to move forward in unprecedented ways, pioneered by the likes of Dali and Elsa Schiaparelli, and exemplified in todays fashion by the likes of Viktor Rolf.

Some Leaders Are Born Some Are Made Religion Essay

Some Leaders Are Born Some Are Made Religion EssayDreams float on an impatient confidential information, A wind that wants to pee-pee a new order. An order of strength and th d throw the stairsing of fire. from a poem written by Dr A.P.J. Abdul KalamSome leaders be born, some are made barely all dont agree a trait that a broad musical composition like Dr. Kalam has. A great mental imageryary, a thinker, philanthropist and overall a well-grounded hu valet de chambre being.The man, ascetic in looks and behaviour, belongs to a rare breed of those who imagine lofty dreams, and mold hard to transform vision into reality.The man who played a key role in the nuclear tests at Pokharan in the Rajasthan desert on May 11 and 13, has a favorite(a) recognition We must think and act like a nation of a billion people and not like that of a million people. Dream, dream, dream have a bun in the oven these dreams into thoughts, and then transform them into action.Above all he is quint essentially Indian. Never allowing his astounding winner as a scientist to diminish his homophileity and humility. Despite having had an unparalleled race as a defense scientist and been cr have with the highest civilian award of India, the Bharat Ratna, he retains the common touch.As the scientific and technology advisor to the prime minister, he propelled India into the accept club of missile powers. He re bulls eyeed from the post to take up a more am secondmentious programme of tenet and creating scientific temper in the minds of novel inquisitive and knowledge thirsty Indians.Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is the undis riged father of Indias missile program. He has breathed a awake(p)ness into ballistic missiles like the Agni and Prithvi, which put China and Pakistan well under Indias missile range. It is too exhausting to track Dr Abdul Kalams skills to date. In the 60s and 70s he was a trail blazer in the set de powerment. In the 80s he transformed the undynamic Defence Rese arch and Development Laboratory in Hyderabad into a highly motivated team. By the 90s Kalam emerged as the czar of Indian intelligence and technology and was awarded the Bharat Ratna. His sprightliness and mission is a vindication of what a determined person can achieve against extraordinary odds.Do things yourself. Do not indulge in short-cuts by importing equipment, thundered the great scientist after the famed Pokhran-2 nuclear blasts in 1998. A strong advocate of this philosophy, he distributed newspapers at a young old age to serve up with household expenses.A vegetarian and a teetotaller, Abdul Kalam recites the Quran and the Bhagvad Gita with equal ease. A confirmed bachelor, his modesty is evident from the fact that he gives all the credit to his colleagues.Abdul Kalam is a dreamer. He dreamt of a strong India. His next terminal is to produce a reusable missile which no country in the orbit has been able to produce. And judging by his earlier achievements, this invention does not seem a distant possibility for this genius.As a child, he was fascinated by the flight of seagulls and the interest in flight led to a degree in aeronautical engineering, and eventually to his supervising the development of Indias guided missiles. Along the way, he found time to deliver Tamil poetry and learned to play the veena.Kalam believes that he has communicable h iodinsty and self-discipline from his father, while faith in goodness and kindness is the trait inherited from his m some other.His is a varianceic story of the magic of democracy where a person from a humble background can expect to rise to the most esteemed position in the country through sheer dint of merit.Kalam has the unparalleled distinction of having received honorary doctorates from at least thirty universities. As a sign of his popularity among Indian youth, MTV-India recently nominated him as one of the prospects for its MTV India Youth Icon for the year 2006 Award.As Dr. Kalam tellYou have to dream in front your dreams can happen true.Thinking should render your capital asset, no matter whatever ups and downs you come across in your flavourClimbing to the top demands strength, whether it is to the top of Mount Everest or to the top of your occupational groupWe should not give up and we should not allow the problem to defeat us.God, our Creator, has stored within our minds and personalities, great potential strength and ability. Prayer helps us tap and develop these powers.God, our Creator, has stored within our minds and personalities, great potential strength and ability. Prayer helps us tap and develop these powers adult male needs his difficulties because they are necessary to jazz successIf we are not free, no one will respect usDr. APJ Abdul Kalam From humble beginnings to Presidency.The Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 at Dhanushkodi in the Rameswaram zone of Tamil Nadu.He was neither educated abroad, nor was his family fin ancially genuinely strong to support his academic pursuits. His father, Jainulabiddin Marakayar had to rent boats out to fishermen to pay for his school fees. His mother Ashiamma, had gained a good deal formal education. His father possessed great innate wisdom, true generosity of spirit and was a spiritual person.He received secondary education at the Schwartz School, a missionary institute in Ramanathapuram, and later conjugate the St Josephs College at Tiruchirrapalli, where he graduated with a Bachelor in Science. Abdul Kalam went on to study aeronautic Engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology.He was the first graduate in the family, with his brothers not even finishing school. He distributed newspapers at a young age to help with household expenses.Abdul Kalam was perhaps marked out to be different right from the beginning. Since he was the youngest in the family, he got his fair share of pampering from the elders. provided neighbours remember him as a reserved boy who was very interested in reading books. In a way, library was the foundation on which Kalam create his career. afterwards completing his third year at MIT, Kalam joined Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Bangalore as a trainee. Here, he worked on piston and turbine engines examining as part of a team. He also received training on radial engine-cum-drum operations.In 1958, when he came out of HAL as a graduate of aeronautical engineering, he had his long-standing dream of flying, as two alternative opportunities for employment. One was the job at Directorate of Technical Development and Production (DTD P) of the Ministry of Defence and another was a career in the Indian Air Force. He applied at both the places, and the interview calls came simultaneously from both.He went to Delhi for an interview with DTD P, which did not challenge his knowledge of the subject. and so he went to Dehra Dun for interview with the Air Force Selection Board. Here too, the interview was more on p ersonality test, rather than testing his knowledge. He stood 9th in the batch of 25, and eight officers were selected to be commissioned in the Air Force. Kalam could feel the opportunity to join the Air Force slipping from his hands.Dissapointed at his rejection by the IAF, Kalam visited Rishikesh where he bathed in the Ganga and met Swami Sivananda a man who looked like Buddha. He introduced himself to the Swamiji, who did not react to his Muslim identity. He asked Kalam about the reason for his sorrow. Kalam told him about his unsuccessful movement to join the Indian Air Force and his long-cherished desire to fly. Sivananda guided him saying Accept your destiny and go a dealer with your life. You are not destined to become an Air Force pilot. What you are destined to become is not revealed now but it is predetermined. Forget this failure, as it was essential to lead you to your destined path. Search, instead, for the true break up of your existence. Become one with yourself, m y son Surrender yourself to the wish of God.After sound reflectioning to Delhi, Kalam received an appointment letter from DTD P. On the next day he joined as Senior scientific Assistant, with a basic salary of Rs. 250/- per month. Here, he was posted at the Technical Center (Civil Aviation). He lost his resentment of failure, mentation he would be able to make aeroplanes airworthy if not fly aeroplanes. During his first year in the Directorate, he carried out a design naming on supersonic target aircraft with the help of his officer-in-charge, R. Varadharajan, and won praise from the Director, Dr. Neelakantan. Then he was sent to the Aircraft and Armament Testing Unit(A ATU) at Kanpur to get shop-floor exposure to aircraft maintenance.Upon his return to Delhi, he was informed that the design of a DART target had been taken up at the DTD P and he was included in the design team. After that, he undertook a preliminary design study on Human Centrifuge. He designed and developed a vertical takeoff and landing platform, and fervid Cockpit. Three years later, the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ade) was formed in Bangalore and he was posted on that point.At ADE, Kalam served as a senior scientific assistant, lintel a small team that developed a prototype hovercraft. Defence Minister Krishna Menon rode in Indias first indigenous hovercraft with Kalam at the controls. solely for reasons neer explained, the project which would have been a considerable international achievement in those days, was not encouraged. This was probably one of the reasons why he moved out of ADE in 1962 and joined Indias space program.Thoroughly Indian, the notwithstanding brief exposure that he got abroad was in 1963-64 when he was invited by NASA ( domainal Aeronautics and situation Administration) to draw four months in the United States at the Wallops Island Rocketry Centre and the Langley Research Centre.During 1963-82, he served the Indian Space Research Organisatio n(ISRO) in various capacities. Here Kalam initiated Fibre fortify Plastics (FRP) activities, then after a stint with the aerodynamics and design group, he joined the satellite launch vehicle team at Thumba, near Trivandram and in short became Project Director for SLV-3. As Project Director, he was responsible for carrying out the design, development, qualification and flight testing of 44 major sub ashess. The project managed to put Rohini, a scientific satellite, into orbit in July 1980. He was honoured with a Padma Bhushan in 1981.In 1982, as Director of DRDO, Kalam was entrusted with the Integrated Guided Missile Development create mentally (IGMDP), Indias most successful military research task to date. The programme constituted of 5 major projects for meeting the requirements of the defence services and for establishing re-entry technology.The 5 projects were scheduled to be completed in a time frame of only 10 years and consisted ofNag an anti-tank guided missilePrithvi a surface-to-surface battlefield missileAkash a brisk, medium-range surface-to-air missile.Trishul a quick-reaction surface-to-air missile with a shorter range.Agni an intermediate range ballistic missile, the mightiest of them allFrom his SLV-3 experience, Kalam had learned the advantages of team work and of sharing the tasks with partners in semiprivate and public sector industries. In the new management structure of the missile program, Kalam, as the Chairman of the Programme Management Board, delegated almost all executive and financial powers to five carefully selected Project Directors and kept himself free to address the core technology issues. His task was to inspire and monitor over 20 institutions and partners outside ranging from enlarged public and private sector suppliers to small specialist firms that ask seed money to take up the precision tasks.The missiles went up more or less(prenominal) on schedule Trishul in 1985, Prithvi in 1988, Agni in 1989 and the other s in 1990. The development and successful flight test of Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag, and Agni established the indigeneous capability towards self opinion in defence preparedness. The successful launching of Agni surface-to-surface missile was a unique achievement which made India a member of an exclusive club of highly developed countries. The Trishul has the unique distinction of being capable of serving all three services.The establishment of the Research Centre Imarat(RCI), a campus 8km from DRDL, in 1988 was perhaps the most satisfying achievement for Kalam during the missile years. He received generous funding from the Government to build the futuristic centre, which is totally geared for work in advanced missile technologies. Its progressive facilities are set in a unique ambience and the level of comfort accorded to the individual worker is matched by few RD institutions. And Kalams interest in the environs saw RCI emerge as an oasis in a rocky wasteland. It has a small farm that meets the food requirements of those who stay in the RCI quarters. Kalam was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1990.On 25th November 1997, in appreciation of his contributions to Indian defence and science, Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was awarded Indias highest civilian honour- the Bharat Ratna. In October 1998, he bagged the prestigious Indira Gandhi award for national integration(for 1997).After 10 years in DRDL, he went to in the altogether Delhi to take over from Arunachalam as Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister reluctantly, m whatsoever in DRDL felt. But the system created by Kalam had taken a firm hold in that decade and the missile programme passed on smoothly into its final phase of production and induction.In Delhi, Kalam as head of the DRDO had to deliver other prestigious projects, such as the Arjun MBT and the Light Combat Aircraft(LCA) projects. Strength respects strength, this is Kalams usual response to the question why India needs its own missiles or a bat tle tank or a combat aircraft. While management practices he adopted for the missile program have needs rubbed off on these projects, there are no miracles to be had in strategic development areas. There have been technical problems. Even in the missile program, work on the SAMs and the ATM is slower than anticipated. But Trishuls recent treble test flights have demonstrated that the system Kalam put in place has immanent strengths.Kalam is by no means a miracle man. As the head of a vast network of laboratories whose products include avalanche-controlling structures in Kashmir, water desalination kits for the Thar desert, a world class sonar submarine finder for the latest warship INS Delhi, and infra-red night vision goggles for the Indian Army Kalams attention is necessarily a bit diffused. His self-effacing persona cloaks a formidable catalyst who can make people work.Kalam is happiest at the drawing board, in discussion with his scientists on how their dreams for the next millenary can be fulfilled. The projects envisaged include an air breathing hyperplane spacecraft that draws oxygen from the atmosphere rather than carry it all the way from the ground, reusable missiles and stealth technology. Kalam has shown that with competent funding, freedom from procedural holdups and a people-oriented management, India can make products of internationally acceptable technical standards in a demanding arena like defence.Science, according to Kalam, is a orbiculate phenomenon. He feels there are a few areas where India can develop its core competence. These areas are software engineering, computer products and design, agriculture and food, aviation, defence research and space technology and chemical engineering. This will lead to a highly beneficial economic and social progress for the nation.On 25th November 1999, Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was appointed Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India and accorded the rank of a Cabinet Minister. His rol e was to advise on overall scientific development in the country on issues relating to scientific and technical policy in different sectors. Kalam also advised on matters relating to achieving technological self-reliance and foreign collaboration.On December 8, 2000, the Deputy Chairman of training Commission, Shri K.C. Pant conferred the Life-time Contribution Award in Engineering 2000 on Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam at the annual function of the Indian National Academy of Engineering in New Delhi. Speaking on the occasion, Kalam said that Engineering and technology should be used for the upliftment of the people living below the poverty line.On November 10, 2001, Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam quit as forefront scientific advisor to the government. Sources close to Kalam, said he quit because of lack of executive authority. However Kalam had been for quite some time keen on engage academic interests and helping scientists across the country in developing their research capabilities. Thats why after quitting he took over the job as distinguished professor at Anna University.Dr Kalam has spent the past few years developing the concept of India Millennium Missions 2020 a blueprint for transforming India into a developed nation. He calls it the second vision of the nation and says he wants to focus on the children of India to ignite in their minds a love for science and the nations mission a developed India.On July 25, 2002, Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was sworn in as the 11th President of India by Chief Justice of India B.N. Kirpal in the Central Hall of Parliament at an impressive function telecast live across the country. Kalam took the oath in the name of God as a 21-gun salute boomed in the backgroundDr. Abdul Kalam has visualized the following distinctive profile for India by the year 20201. A Nation where the rural and urban divide has reduced to a thin line.2. A Nation where there is an equitable distribution and adequate access to energy and quality water.3. A Nation wh ere agriculture, industry and service sector work together in symphony.4. A Nation where education with lever system is not denied to any meritorious candidates because of societal or economic discrimination.5. A Nation which is the best destination for the most talented scholars, scientists, and investors.6. A Nation where the best of health care is available to all.7. A Nation where the governance is responsive, transparent and corruption free.8. A Nation where poverty has been totally eradicated, illiteracy outside and crimes against women and children are absent and none in the society feels alienated.9. A Nation that is gentle, healthy, secure, peaceful and happy and continues with a sustainable growth path.10. A Nation that is one of the best places to live in and is proud of its leadership.Dr. Kalam The Kind HumanA truly Inspirational Story of a bossOn a day at TERLSThere were about 70 scientists working on a very hectic project. All of them were really frustrated due to t he pressure of work and the demands of their boss but everyone was loyal to him and did not think of quitting the job.One day, one scientist came to his boss and told him Sir, I have phoned to my children that I will take them to the exhibition difference on in our township. So I want to set aside the office at 5 30 pm. His boss replied OK, Youre permitted to leave the office early today.The Scientist started working. He continued his work after lunch. As usual he got involved to such an extent that he looked at his watch when he felt he was close to completion. The time was 8.30 PM. Suddenly he remembered of the promise he had given to his children.He looked for his boss, He was not there. Having told him in the morning itself, he closed everything and left for home. full-bodied within himself, he was feeling guilty for having disappointed his children. He reached home. Children were not there. His wife alone was sitting in the hall and reading magazines.The situation was explo sive, any talk would boomerang on him. His wife asked him Would you like to have coffee or shall I straight away serve dinner if you are hungry.The man replied If you would like to have coffee, I too will have but what about Children .Wife replied You dont know , Your manager came here at 5.15 PM and has taken the children to the exhibition .What had really happened was . The boss who granted him permission was observing him working seriously at 5.00 PM. He thought to himself, this person will not leave the work, but if he has promised his children they should enjoy the visit to exhibition. So he took the lead in taking them to exhibition. The boss does not have to do it every time. But once it is done, loyalty is established.That is why all the scientists at Thumba continued to work under their boss even though the stress was tremendous.The boss was none other than Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam .Another Life incident, when Dr. Kalam was asked a question Could you give an example, from your own experience, of how leaders should manage failure?Dr. Kalamsaid Let me tell you about my experience. In 1973 I became the project director of Indias satellite launch vehicle program, commonly called the SLV-3. Our goal was to put Indias Rohini satellite into orbit by 1980. I was given funds and human resources but was told clearly that by 1980 we had to launch the satellite into space.Thousands of people worked together in scientific and technical teams towards that goal. By 1979 I think the month was sniffy we thought we were ready. As the project director, I went to the control center for the launch. At four minutes before the satellite launch, the computer began to go through the checklist of items that needed to be checked. One minute later, the computer program put the launch on hold the display showed that some control components were not in order.My experts I had four or five of them with me told me not to worry they had done their calculations and there was enough r eserve fuel. So I bypassed the computer, switched to manual mode, and launched the rocket. In the first stage, everything worked fine. In the second stage, a problem developed. Instead of the satellite going into orbit, the whole rocket system plunged into the Bay of Bengal. It was a big failure.That day, the chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization, Prof. Satish Dhawan, had called a press conference. The launch was at 700 am, and the press conference where journalists from around the world were present was at 745 am at ISROs satellite launch range in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh in southern India. Prof. Dhawan, the leader of the organization, conducted the press conference himself. He took responsibility for the failure he said that the team had worked very hard, but that it needed more technological support. He assured the media that in another year, the team would definitely succeed.Now, I was the project director, and it was my failure, but instead, he took respons ibility for the failure as chairman of the organization. The next year, in July 1980, we tried again to launch the satellite and this time we succeeded. The whole nation was jubilant.Again, there was a press conference. Prof. Dhawan called me aside and told me, You conduct the press conference today. I learned a very important lesson that day. When failure occurred, the leader of the organization owned that failure. When success came, he gave it to his team. The best management lesson I have learned did not come to me from reading a book it came from that experience.Dr. Kalams Inspirational messagesAs a child of God, I am greater than anything that can happen to me.Be more dedicated to making solid achievements than in running after swift but synthetic happiness.Climbing to the top demands strength, whether it is to the top of Mount Everest or to the top of your career.Do we not realize that self respect comes with self reliance?Educationists should build the capacities of the spiri t of inquiry, creativity, entrepreneurial and moral leadership among students and become their role model.English is necessary as at present original works of science are in English. I believe that in two decades times original works of science will start coming out in our languages. Then we can move over like the Japanese.God, our Creator, has stored within our minds and personalities, great potential strength and ability. Prayer helps us tap and develop these powers.Great dreams of great dreamers are always transcended.I was willing to accept what I couldnt change.If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of picturesque minds, I strongly feel there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher.In India we only read about death, sickness, terrorism, crime.It means, people who are in high and responsible positions, if they go against righteousness, righteousness itself will get transformed into a destroyer. Let us sacrifice our today so that our children can have a better tomorrow.Life is a difficult game. You can win it only by retaining your birthright to be a person.Look at the sky. We are not alone. The whole universe is friendly to us and conspires only to give the best to those who dream and work.Man needs his difficulties because they are necessary to enjoy success.My view is that at a younger age your optimism is more and you have more imagination etc. You have less bias.No religion has mandated killing others as a requirement for its sustenance or promotion.Those who cannot work with their hearts achieve but a hollow, half-hearted success that breeds bitterness all around.To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal.Unless India stands up to the world, no one will respect us. In this world, veneration has no place. Only strength respects strength.We have not invaded anyone. We have not conquered anyone. We have not grabbed their land, their c ulture, their history and tried to enforce our way of life on them.We must think and act like a nation of a billion people and not like that of a million people. Dream, dream, dreamWe should not give up and we should not allow the problem to defeat us.We will be remembered only if we give to our younger generation a prosperous and safe India, resulting out of economic prosperity coupled with civilizational heritage.Why are we, as a nation so obsessed with foreign things? Is it a legacy of our colonial years? We want foreign television sets. We want foreign shirts. We want foreign technology. Why this obsession with everything imported?You have to dream before your dreams can come true.Thinking is progress. Non-thinking is stagnation of the individual, organisation and the country. Thinking leads to action. Knowledge without action is useless and irrelevant. Knowledge with action, converts adversity into prosperity.When you speak, speak the truth perform when you promise discharge y our trust Withhold your hands from striking, and from taking that which is unlawful and badWhat actions are most excellent? To gladden the heart of a human being, to founder the hungry, to help the afflicted to lighten the sorrow of the sorrowful and to remove the wrongs of injuredAway Fond thoughts, and vex my soul no more Work claimed my light-headed nights, my busy days Albeit brought memories of Rameswaram shore Yet haunt my dreaming gazeI will not be presumptuous enough to say that my life can be a role model for anybody but some poor child living in an obscure place in an disadvantaged social setting may find a little solace in the way my destiny has been shaped. It could perhaps help such children liberate themselves from the gyves of their illusory backwardness and hopelessness?..My worthiness is all my doubt His Merit- all my fear- Contrasting which my quality Does however appear Indeed APJ Abdul Kalam is a great personality, whose contemplated course mean much more th an just the literal meaning.Some lessons in the life of Dr. Kalam.In 1936 Kalams education initiated at the age of 5 years in Rameswaram Panchayat elementary school. He had a Teacher Muthu Iyer who took special interest in him as he performed very well in a class exercise. He was impressed and next day he came his house to tell his father that Abdul was a very good student. His parents were happy and he also got his favourite sweet from his mother. When he was in first class, one day he did not turn up at school. Teacher Muthu Iyer noticed his absence and aforementioned(prenominal) evening he went to Kalams father to ask what the problem was and whether he can do anything to help. On that day, Kalam was having fever. Another important thing, which he noticed was Kalams hand writing, was very poor. He gave a three page writing exercise ensured that Kalam did the exercise everyday regularly. By these actions of his teacher Muthu Iyer, Kalams father believed that Muthu Iyer was not on ly a good teacher but also a great influence who shaped kalam with good habits.Kalam was studying in 5th class at the age of 10 when he was given a vision for his life. He had a teacher, Shri Siva Subramania Iyer. He was a very good teacher. One day he was teaching about biddys flight. He drew a diagram of a bird on the blackboard depicting the wings, tail and the body structure with the head. He explained how the birds create the lift and fly. He also explained how they change direction while flying. Nearly 25 minutes he gave the lecture with various information such as lift, drag and how the birds fly in a formation of 10, 20 or 30 etc. At the end of the class, he wanted to know whether the students silent how the birds fly, to which Kalam replied he didnt understand. When he said this, he asked the other students whether they understood or not. Many students said that they did not understand. Hence, the teacher took the students to the beach that evening and asked them to obser ve how the bird flapped their wings, twisted their tales to give directions to the flight and used their will, motivation and own life to act as the engine of their flight. The theory coupled with practical example gave Kalam the goal and mission in life. He worked towards joining aeronautical engineering in MIT, ChennaiGreatly inspired by Aryabhata, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Brahmagupta and Bhaskaracharyas work as Indians who had made significant contributions to uranology and mathematics, Kalam had found his areas of interest and motivational figures. Working under Prof. Srinivasan, the then Director of MIT, Kalam was given a project in third year of his course, he was delegate a project to design a low-level attack aircraft together with six other colleagues. He was given the responsibility of system design and system integration by integrating the team members. Also, he was responsible for aerodynamic and structural design of the project. The other five of the team took up the desig n of propulsion, control, guidance, avionics and instrumentality of the aircraft. He reviewed the project and declared Kalams work to be gloomy and disappointing. He didnt lend an ear to Kalams difficulties in bringing together data base from multiple designers. Kalam asked for a months time and Dr. Srinivasan gave only 3 days time. Also, a warning that if the task was not completed in time, Kalams scholarship would be revoked. Kalam had a cushion of life, as scholarship was the lifeline, without which he could not continue with his studies. So the team, skipping the dinner

Aircraft Solutions Security Assessment And Recommendations Information Technology Essay

Aircraft Solutions Security Assessment And Recommendations Information Technology EssayThe purpose of this estimation is to address weaknesses and provide recommendations on the nedeucerk security of Aircraft Solutions. Aircraft Solutions is a recognized leader in the role and fabrication of component products and service for companies in the electronics, commercial, defense, and aerospace industry. Aircraft Solutions agency is to provide guest success through machined products and related services, and to meet cost, quality, and schedule requirements.Two weaknesses were found in regards to the comp whatsoevers net security. The first weakness is a computer hardw ar weakness not having an abdominal aortic aneurysm master of ceremonies for user authentication and authorization second, not having a Network-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) in use. The recommended solutions are to deploy an AAA server for user authentication and authorization to company resources, and deploy a combination Host and Network-based IDS for overall monitoring of the companys enterprise.Company OverviewAircraft Solutions designs and fabricates component products and services for companies in the electronics, commercial, defense, and aerospace industry. The mission of Aircraft Solutions is to provide customer success through machined products and related services, and to meet cost, quality, and schedule requirements.Much of its equipment is automated to increase production while minify costs. The companys workforce has a large skill base design engineers, programmers, machinists, and assembly personnel to work its highly-automated production systems.The company scheme is to offer low-cost design and computer-aided modeling packages to customers to reduce their development expenses. Aircraft Solutions uses Business Process Management (BPM) to handle throughout processes that span multiple systems and organizations. The BPM system is intentional to connect customers, markete rs, and suppliers to distribute information and maintain a magazinely business dialogue. BPM also aligns internal business operations with IT tin to maintain production in support of customer requirements.Security WeaknessesTwo security vulnerabilities were found in regards to the companys network security. The first vulnerability is a hardware weakness not having an Authorization, earmark, and Accounting (AAA) server for user authentication and authorization second, not having a Network-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) in use.Hardware Weakness AAA ServerAircraft Solution has a need for an AAA server to authenticate and authorize legitimate user credentials for its on-site headquarters, intranet remote offices, and extranet for suppliers, contractors, and suppliers. An AAA basis is required in erect to authorize and authenticate users to company resources coming control. AAA servers provide a mechanism for encrypted authentication of users and underside be used to cont rol memory access to the network. hallmark verifies the identity of a user by employing a database of usernames and passwords. Authorization assigns network rights or permissions to an authenticated user. Authorization records or logs network usage of authentication and current users. Accounting can be used to record information about security breaches. (Kaeo, 2004)Software Weakness Combination Host and Network-based IDSAircraft Solutions employs a army-based IDS on the servers in the corporate office. I conceive of having a combination of host-based IDS on decisive servers and a network-based IDS by the firewall for each network segment is snap off. A good strategy for IDS would be to use a combination of host and network IDS. A Network-based IDS provides an overall perspective of your network and is useful for identifying distributed firings, whereas a Host-based IDS would stop most binding threats at the host level. (Kaeo, 2004)An IDS protects a network like an alarm sys tem. When an IDS detects that virtuallything is wrong and sees it as an attack, it can take corrective action itself or notify a dispensement system, which would nippy a network administrator to take some action.Intrusion Detection Systems are important not altogether in basis of stopping an attack, but also in maintaining a permanent time-stamped log of intrusion attempts on a host system. An IDS allows a company to know that they are being attacked and who is attacking them, how they are doing it, and what they might be aspect at for. An IDS is the watchdog that adds a layer of defense over all network security systems and policies. translation of SolutionDeployment of AAA ServerAircraft Solutions needs to centrally manage who has authorization to remotely access network resources from anywhere, which network resource are those remote users permit to access, and any related issues. Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus (TACACS+) and Remote Authentication Di al-In user Service (RADIUS) are the two protocols for implementing the AAA technology framework.A centralized AAA server that uses TACACS+ protocol will provide a centralized location for Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting for Cisco artifices. User authentication on Cisco devices can be done in one or two ways a local database of users on the server, or by a TACACS+ server. TACACS+ is a Cisco proprietary protocol that uses TCP as a transport protocol and has the ability to separate authentication, authorization, and invoice as separate services. The AAA server acts as a proxy server by using TACACS+ to authentication, authorize, and accounting for access to Cisco routers and network access servers. The Authentication function of an AAA server can provide access control this proves a useful function in environments where theres a requirement to restrict access to network devices or applications per individual authenticated user. (Kaeo, 2004)Software Weakness Combinatio n Host and Network-based IDSAircraft Solutions needs to deploy a Network-based IDS in combination with itsHost-based IDS. I think Aircraft Solutions should have a Network-based IDS in order to monitor all traffic to and from the Internet to see how many hackers or other bitchy activities are nerve-racking to access the companys network. In addition to seeing Internet traffic, a Network-based IDS can see traffic going to a firewall or VPN and to other attached devices. A combination IDS will also enable Aircraft Solutions to better monitor and effectively respond to a security incident by employing real-time capability. A Network-base IDS is designed to sense leering activity occurring on a network and provides real-time alerting to Administrators to investigate. The lack of not having such a system leaves Aircraft Solutions at hazard by not having the ability to see malicious network traffic and relying on system nonethelessts to be alerted of malicious activity. (Kaeo, 2004)J ustificationDeployment of AAA ServerThe vendor solution Id select would be Cisco hardware. Cisco Secure AccessControl Server (ACS) would be best suited for use as an AAA Server. My justification for that is Cisco ACS server covers the three main functions of Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting and the use of TACACS+ protocol is Cisco proprietary protocol.Aircraft Solutions has multiple users that take part in end-to-end processes that span multiple systems and organizations. A Business Process Management (BPM) system is in place to handle all of these processes. Systems are access by users at different levels of need to know and these users are responsible for entering, processing data, and information in order to generate reports to be used for decision-making.Customer data such as project information, computer-aided design, and development models are sorted and stored in designated servers. The Design Engineering department is responsible for reviewing the electronic mod els, interacting with the customer and making necessary modifications with customer approval, then placing them in an Engineering Release (ER) directory for programming. As soon as these electronic models are released, programmers use them to create production programs. All final programs mustiness be thoroughly verified for accuracy before releasing to the Proof For Production (PFP) directory for manufacturing to make the production first article. From the production floor, machinists download PFP programs directly to their DCNC (Direct figurer Numerical Control) machines for execution. After any further processing completed products are inspected for verification to customer requirements, then they are moved to the shipping department for delivery. looking for at how Aircraft Solutions BPM works, there is definitely a need for central user authentication and authorization. An AAA server with TACACS+ can be used to manage the large numbers of user IDs and passwords in a centralize d database, providing a scalable network security solution. (Oppenheimer, 2004). An AAA server will ensure access to design, production, accounting, sales, and HR servers only go to authorized engineers and personnel. An AAA server will also track all users activity and attempts to access network resources event logging. Example, if soul is trying to access production programs and theyre not authorized it will be logged, allowing for an investigation of the incident if required.Software Weakness Combination Host and Network-based IDSAircraft Solutions has many users accessing its network, be it suppliers, customers, branch office employees etc A Network-based IDS is needed to protect the network. Similar to a home owner having an alarm system to ward off or to alert them of an intruder. I see an IDS in this fashion. An IDS detects if someone tries to break in through the firewall or manages to break in the firewall security and tries to have access on any system in the trusted sid e and alerts the system administrator in case there is a breach in security. (SANS Institute, 2001)Here are some advantages of Network-based IDSEasier to deploy Network based IDS are easier to deploy as it does not affectexisting systems or infrastructure. The network-based IDS systems are Operatingsystem independent. A network based IDS sensor will listen for all the attacks on a network segment regardless of the type of the operating system the target host isrunning.Detect network based attacks Network based IDS sensors can detect attacks,which host-based sensors fail to detect. A network based IDS checks for all the packet headers for any malicious attack. Many IP-based denial of service attacks like TCP SYN attack, fragmented packet attack etc. can be identified only by looking at the packet headers as they travel across a network. A network based IDS sensor can quickly detect this type of attack by looking at the contents of the packets at the real time.Retaining evidence Netwo rk based IDS use live network traffic and does real time intrusion detection. Therefore, the attacker cannot remove evidence of attack. This data can be used for forensic analysis. On the other hand, a host-based sensor detects attacks by looking at the system log files. Lot of hackers are capable of making changes in the log files so as to remove any evidence of an attack. original Time detection and quick response Network based IDS monitors traffic on a real time. So, network based IDS can detect malicious activity as they occur. Based on how the sensor is configured, such attack can be stopped even before they can get to a host and compromise the system. On the other hand, host based systems detect attacks by looking at changes made to system files. By this time critical systems may have already been compromised.Detection of failed attacks A network based IDS sensor deployed outside thefirewall can detect malicious attacks on resources behind the firewall, even though the firewal l may be rejecting these attempts. This information can be very useful for forensic analysis. Host based sensors do not see rejected attacks that could never hit a host inside the firewall. (SANS Institute, 2001)Impact on Business ProcessesI think Aircraft Solutions will have a positive consequence from deploying an AAA server and adding Network-based IDS to its network enterprise. The impact to its business processes should be transparent, having little negative effect. Using an AAA server to provide authentication and authorization and accounting gives network administrators an added layer of protection in securing Aircraft Solutions network infrastructure. It allows access to network resources to be better controlled and delegated. An example could be branch office users connecting to the network they can be screened against the user database and a custom policy that controls what device a user can access and what services on a particular device that a user can access. If a user s account is compromised that account can be disabled.Using these two tools to correct the identified security weaknesses is a benefit. The only thing that may be viewed as negative is the access speed may be slightly slower. However, I think a slight abate in access speed to the user is out weighted by having the access control and network monitoring needed to ensure Aircraft Solutions network infrastructure has a more layered defense. Security trumps a speedy userSummaryIn conclusion, I identified two areas of security weakness in Aircraft Solutions deployment of an AAA server and Network-based IDS. These are two tools that are necessary in any network enterprise environment. Implementing these recommendations will better ensure security of the companys resources, better overall enterprise integrity, and provide added layers of defense by having access control over network resources and real-time monitoring of network activity.Figure 1 rewrite Aircraft Solutions Network Infrastr ucture

The Threat of Language :: Essays Papers

The Threat of Language America is a nation that promotes the image of regeneration among its citizens. This diversity is what makes American unique and assorted from either other country in the world. As years pass the social population of the United States grows at a rate comparable to the speed at which a bullet flies. With so many different cultures and languages coexisting within the boundaries of this nation, a question arises. Do languages other than face threaten Americans ability to unite socially, politically, and economically?Richard Rodriguez is a perfect example of an immigrant that came to American with his family and didnt know any English. Starting when he was a young child Rodriguez had a very difficult time making friends and feeling comfortable out in public. This was because he didnt know how to elapse with people outside his home. Richard realized that the only way for him to break this social barrier was to be able to speak English like everyone else . Rodriguez was not just able to learn English but he also was able to gain his own individuality with out loosing his ethnic background. The bilingualists insist that a student should be reminded of his difference from others in mass society, his heritage. But they equate mere separateness with individuality. Rodriguez regained his individuality when he was able to communicate and express himself to the community in which he lived. With the tool of the English language under his belt Rodriguez was able to succeed and share with others his experiences and feelings.Is it necessary for people of different cultures and languages to be able to speak English in order to succeed in America? Should their ethnic background be sacrificed in order to converge into American society? The U.S. Department of Education enacted the Lau decision to increase funding for bilingual education all over America. Many immigrants felt that this increased funding wasnt helping to teach the children well enough. In one case a Chinese man in San Francisco complained that his children were at a disadvantage, both socially and economically because they werent being taught English adequately. The statistics are staggering regarding the success rates of minorities throughout high school and college. A report by the American Council of Education states that 50 percent of all Hispanic youths in America drop out of high school, and only 7 percent finish college.